Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy describes the structures of body parts and their relationships to one another:
-where are they located?
-What are they made of?
-Associated structures?
What is Anatomy?
Subdivisions
-Gross or Macroscopic
-Microscopic
-Developmental
-Clinical anatomy
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
Study of the anatomy of body structures visible to the naked eye or at a macroscopic level.
-Surface anatomy
-Regional anatomy
-Systemic anatomy
Surface anatomy
Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlaying skin surface
Regional anatomy approach
Study of the interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region, such as the hand, the abdomen
Systemic anatomy approach
Study of the structures that work together to accomplish a specific function
Ex. a study of the digestive system
Microscopic anatomy
Study the normal structure of an organism under a microscope
Cytology
Study of internal structure of individual cells
Histology
Study of the microscopic structure of tissues and organs
Developmental anatomy
The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle
Divison:
Embryology the study of prenatal development
Postnatal development-they study of postnatal development
What is Physiology?
Is the study the function of anatomical structures at many levels individual and cooperative functions.
-cell physiology, organ physiology, systemic physiology, pathological physiology
Human body organization
Six levels of structural organization. From simplest to more complex.
Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level
Organ systems
Eleven organ systems
Integumentary System
Organs: Skin, hair, glands, and sensory receptors
Functions:
-Forms the external body covering and protects deeper
tissues from environmental hazard.
-Synthesizes vitamin D
Provide sensory information-has cutaneous sensory receptors
-help regulate body temperature-sweat glands
Skeletal System
Organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow
Function:
-protects and supports body organs
-provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
-from blood cells
-bones store calcium and other minerals
Muscular system
Organs: Skeletal muscles, tendons
Function:
-allows locomotion and facial expression
-Maintains posture
-provides protection and support to other tissue
-Produces heat that maintains body temperature
Nervous System
-Organs: brain, Spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and sensory organs
Function:
-provides and interprets sensory information about external and internal environment
-direct immediate response to internal and external stimuli (changes)
-Coordinate and moderate the activity of organs
Endocrine system
-Organs: endocrine glands and endocrine tissue within other organs.
Function: secrete hormones that:
-Regulate the activity of other organs
-Adjust metabolic activity and energy use by the body
-control processes such as growth, reproduction
Cardiovascular systen
-Organs: heart, blood vessels, blood
-Function:
-The heart pumps blood
-Blood vessels distribute blood cells and carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, etc.
-Distributes heat and assist in control of body temperature
Respiratory System
-Organs: nasal cavity, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Functions:
-deliver air to alveoli where gas exchange occurs
-Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Digestive System
-Organs: teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Function:
-breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
-Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
-Stores energy reserves
Urinary system
Organs: Kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions:− eliminates nitrogenous wastes products from the
body.
− regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of
the blood.
− store urine prior to elimination
11.a) Male Reproductive System (11.b) Female Reproductive System
- Overall function is production of offspring:
− Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the
female reproductive tract.
− Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for
fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish
the newborn.
Organ systems Interrelationships
-All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
-Organ system work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions
