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introduction to anatomy and physiology > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy describes the structures of body parts and their relationships to one another:
-where are they located?
-What are they made of?
-Associated structures?

A

What is Anatomy?

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2
Q

Subdivisions

A

-Gross or Macroscopic
-Microscopic
-Developmental
-Clinical anatomy

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3
Q

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy

A

Study of the anatomy of body structures visible to the naked eye or at a macroscopic level.
-Surface anatomy
-Regional anatomy
-Systemic anatomy

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4
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlaying skin surface

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5
Q

Regional anatomy approach

A

Study of the interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region, such as the hand, the abdomen

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6
Q

Systemic anatomy approach

A

Study of the structures that work together to accomplish a specific function
Ex. a study of the digestive system

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7
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Study the normal structure of an organism under a microscope

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8
Q

Cytology

A

Study of internal structure of individual cells

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9
Q

Histology

A

Study of the microscopic structure of tissues and organs

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10
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle
Divison:
Embryology the study of prenatal development
Postnatal development-they study of postnatal development

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11
Q

What is Physiology?

A

Is the study the function of anatomical structures at many levels individual and cooperative functions.
-cell physiology, organ physiology, systemic physiology, pathological physiology

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12
Q

Human body organization

A

Six levels of structural organization. From simplest to more complex.
Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level

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13
Q

Organ systems

A

Eleven organ systems

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14
Q

Integumentary System

A

Organs: Skin, hair, glands, and sensory receptors
Functions:
-Forms the external body covering and protects deeper
tissues from environmental hazard.
-Synthesizes vitamin D
Provide sensory information-has cutaneous sensory receptors
-help regulate body temperature-sweat glands

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15
Q

Skeletal System

A

Organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow
Function:
-protects and supports body organs
-provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
-from blood cells
-bones store calcium and other minerals

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16
Q

Muscular system

A

Organs: Skeletal muscles, tendons
Function:
-allows locomotion and facial expression
-Maintains posture
-provides protection and support to other tissue
-Produces heat that maintains body temperature

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17
Q

Nervous System

A

-Organs: brain, Spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and sensory organs
Function:
-provides and interprets sensory information about external and internal environment
-direct immediate response to internal and external stimuli (changes)
-Coordinate and moderate the activity of organs

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18
Q

Endocrine system

A

-Organs: endocrine glands and endocrine tissue within other organs.
Function: secrete hormones that:
-Regulate the activity of other organs
-Adjust metabolic activity and energy use by the body
-control processes such as growth, reproduction

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19
Q

Cardiovascular systen

A

-Organs: heart, blood vessels, blood
-Function:
-The heart pumps blood
-Blood vessels distribute blood cells and carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, etc.
-Distributes heat and assist in control of body temperature

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20
Q

Respiratory System

A

-Organs: nasal cavity, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Functions:
-deliver air to alveoli where gas exchange occurs
-Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

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21
Q

Digestive System

A

-Organs: teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Function:
-breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
-Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
-Stores energy reserves

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22
Q

Urinary system

A

Organs: Kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions:− eliminates nitrogenous wastes products from the
body.
− regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of
the blood.
− store urine prior to elimination

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23
Q

11.a) Male Reproductive System (11.b) Female Reproductive System

A
  • Overall function is production of offspring:
    − Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the
    female reproductive tract.
    − Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for
    fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish
    the newborn.
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24
Q

Organ systems Interrelationships

A

-All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
-Organ system work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions

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25
Q

Anatomical position

A

-Standing upright
-Head and eyes directed straight ahead
-Upper limbs at the sides
-Upper limbs slightly away from trunk
-Palms facing forward
-Thumbs pointing away from body
-Lower limbs parallel
-Feet flat on the ground and facing forward

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26
Q

Midline

A

imaginary vertical line down middle of the body

27
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline or middle of the body

28
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side of the body

29
Q

Superior-Cranial

A

Above; Toward the head

30
Q

Inferior-Caudal

A

Below; Away from the head

31
Q

Anterior- Ventral

A

Front; Toward the front of the body

32
Q

Posterior-Dorsal

A

Back; Toward the back of the body

33
Q

Proximal

A

Toward the trunk; near the origin or point of attachment

34
Q

Distal

A

Away from the trunk; far from the origin or point of attachment

35
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface of the body

36
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body

37
Q

Unilateral

A

Involving one side of the body

38
Q

Bilateral

A

Involving both sides of the body

39
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body

40
Q

Contralateral

A

On opposite sides of the body

41
Q

Supine

A

lying down, face up

42
Q

Prone

A

lying down, face down

43
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

44
Q

midsagittal

A

(median) plane lies on midline

45
Q

Parasagittal

A

plane not on midline

46
Q

Frontall (coronal) plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior parts.

47
Q

transverse (horizontal) plane

A

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts

48
Q

Dorsal body cavities

A

-Cranial cavity (in the skull)-incase the brain
-Vertebral or spinal cavity (runs within the vertebral columns)-encase the spinal cord
-Both dorsal cavities are covered by membranes called meninges

49
Q

Ventral body cavities

A

-Houses organs collectively called viscera
-Subdivided into
-Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
-diaphragm separates thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

50
Q

Thoracic cavity is subdivided into:

A

-Lateral pleural cavities each enveloping a lung
-mediastinum located between the two lungs divided into:
-Inferior mediastinum (pericardium houses the heart)
-Superior mediastinum filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus

51
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity:

A

-superior part is the abdominal cavity contain the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver…..
-Inferior part is the pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs

52
Q

serous membrane

A

-thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid
-parietal serosa lines internal body walls
-visceral serosa covers the internal organs

53
Q

Pericardial membrane

A

parietal pericardium lies the pericardial cavity and folds back to visceral pericardium that covers the heart

54
Q

Pleural Membrane

A

Parietal pleura lies the wall of the thoracic cavity, and the visceral pleura covers the lungs

55
Q

Homeostasis

A

-Maintenance of relatively stable internal environment despite continuous external or internal changes (glucose level)
-Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables)
-Maintaining homeostasis is vital to an organism survival

56
Q

Autoregulation (intrinsic)

A

Automatic response (adjustment) in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change

57
Q

Extrinsic regulation

A

responses are controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
-nervous system accomplish the communication via nerve impulses
-endocrine systems accomplish the communication via hormones

58
Q

Process of homeostatic regulation

A

Involves three parts: Receptor, control center, effector

59
Q

Receptor (sensor)

A

-monitors the environment
-Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)

60
Q

Control center

A

-Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
-Receives input from receptor
-Determines appropriate response

61
Q

Effector

A

-Receives output from control center
-Provides the means to respond
-Response act to:
1. reduce the stimulus- negative feedback
2. enhance the stimulus- positive feedback

62
Q

Negative feedback & Homeostaisi

A

-The response of the effector reduces or shuts off the original stimulus
-Body is brought back into homeostasis- normal range is achieved

63
Q

Positive feedback & homeostasis

A

-The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
-May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
-Usually controls infrequent events
- Enhancement of labor contraction by oxytocin
-Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

64
Q
A

introduction to anatomy and physiology (3 decks)

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