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Anatomy and Physiology > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Studies the function of the body, how the body parts work
and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What are the 12 Body’s Organ Systems?

A

Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System / Immunity
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System

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4
Q

What does this highly organized human body do?

A
  1. Maintaining boundaries
  2. Movement
  3. Responsiveness/ Excitability
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
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5
Q

Set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

A

Catabolism

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6
Q

Set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions requires energy.

A

Anabolism, also known as ‘Endergonic Process’

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7
Q

What are the survival needs?

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Normal Body Temperature
  5. Atmospheric Pressure
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8
Q

Ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even
though the outside world changes continuously.

A

Homeostasis

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9
Q

Most control mechanisms.

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

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10
Q

The response to a stimulus does not stop or reverse it but instead
keeps the sequence of events going up.

A

Positive feedback mechanisms

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11
Q

An inability of the body to
restore a functional, stable
internal environment.

A

Homeostatic Imbalance

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12
Q

Give their atomic symbol:
1.Oxygen
2.Carbon
3.Hydrogen
4.Nitrogen
5.Calcium
6.Phosphorus
7.Potassium
8.Sulfur
9.Sodium
10.Chlorine
11.Magnesium
12.Iodine
13.Iron

A

1.O
2.C
3.H
4.N
5.Ca
6.P
7.K
8.S
9.Na
10.Cl
11.Mg
12.I
13.Fe

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13
Q

Solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light.

A

Solution

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14
Q

Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light; do not settle out.

A

Colloid

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15
Q

Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light.

A

Suspension

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16
Q

Any element or compound equal to its molecular weight in
grams.

A

Mole

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17
Q

Study of the chemical composition and
reactions of living matter.

A

Biochemistry

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18
Q

Groups of atoms that bear an
overall charge.

A

Polyatomic ions

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19
Q

Substance
that release hydrogen ions in detectable
amounts.

A

Acids, also called, ‘proton donors’

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20
Q

Measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various
body fluids

A

pH (Power of Hydrogen)

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21
Q

Smallest unit of life.

A

Cell

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22
Q

A generalized composite cells has?

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
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23
Q

It allows neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate,
inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells.

A

Cell Junctions

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24
Q

The carbohydrates on the outside of the cell form a coating called?

A

Glycocalyx

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25
Q

Functions of the Plasma Membrane.

A
  1. Physical Barrier
  2. Selective Permeability
  3. Communication
  4. Cell Recognition
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26
Q

Membrane proteins functions.

A
  1. Transport
  2. Receptor for signal transduction
  3. Enzymatic activity
  4. Cell-cell recognition
  5. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
  6. Cell-to-cell joining
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27
Q

Diffusion of a solvent through a
membrane.

A

Osmosis

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28
Q

Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by
altering the cells; internal water volume.

A

Tonicity

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29
Q

In this solution, cells retain their normal size and shape (same solute/water concentration as inside cells; water moves in and out).

A

Isotonic solutions

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30
Q

It move solutes uphill, against a concentration gradient
using energy.

A

Active transport

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31
Q

A large external particle (proteins, bacteria, dead cell debris) is surrounded by a pseudopod (“false foot”) and becomes enclosed in a vesicle (phagosome).

A

Phagocytosis

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32
Q

It directly uses energy of ATP hydrolysis.

A

Primary active transport

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33
Q

Vesicles pinch off from organelles and travel to other organelles to deliver their cargo.

A

Vesicular trafficking

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34
Q

Membrane Potential is also termed as?

A

Voltage

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35
Q

According to Ren, Roberts and Shi (2011), these are cell
surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells
and the extracellular matrix (ECM).

A

Adhesion molecules

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36
Q

Process in which a
ligand (chemical messenger) binds a
specific receptor and initiates a
response.

A

Chemical Signaling

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37
Q

Chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed.

A

Paracrines

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38
Q

Forms of chemical signaling.

A
  1. Autocrine
  2. Signaling across gap junctions
  3. Paracrine
  4. Endocrine
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39
Q

Regulatory molecule that acts as a middle-man to
activate either 1) membrane bound enzyme or 2) ion channel.

A

G-protein

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40
Q

Viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements
are suspended.

A

Cytosol

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41
Q

Observable structures we can see with our naked eyes.

A

Gross anatomy

42
Q

Anatomy came from the Greek words?

A

tomy - ‘cut’ and ana - ‘apart’

43
Q

Study of the body structures that are too small.

A

Microscopic anatomy

44
Q

Levels of structural organization.

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissues
  4. Organ
  5. Organ system
  6. Organism
45
Q

Caudal “toward the tail”

A

Inferior

46
Q

Ventral “animal’s belly”

A

Anterior

47
Q

Dorsal “animal’s back”

A

Posterior

48
Q

Navel

A

Umbilical

49
Q

Area between the neck and abdomen, supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages; chest.

A

Thoracic

50
Q

Ankle region

A

Tarsal

51
Q

Breastbone area

A

Sternal

52
Q

Genital region

A

Pubic

53
Q

Area overlying the pelvis anteriorly.

A

Pelvic

54
Q

Relating to, or occurring in or on the chest.

A

Pectoral

55
Q

Anterior knee

A

Patellar

56
Q

Eyes area

A

Orbital

57
Q

Mouth

A

Oral

58
Q

Nose area

A

Nasal

59
Q

Chin

A

Mental

60
Q

Area where thigh meets body trunk; groin.

A

Inguinal

61
Q

Lateral part of leg.

A

Fibular

62
Q

Thigh

A

Femoral

63
Q

Fingers and toes

A

Digital

64
Q

Curved of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle.

A

Deltoid

65
Q

Hip

A

Coxal

66
Q

Neck region

A

Cervical

67
Q

Wrist

A

Carpal

68
Q

Cheek area

A

Buccal

69
Q

Arm

A

Brachial

70
Q

Armpit

A

Axillary

71
Q

Anterior surface of elbow.

A

Antecubital

72
Q

Forearm

A

Antebrachial

73
Q

Heel of foot.

A

Calcaneal

74
Q

Head

A

Cephalic

75
Q

Buttock

A

Gluteal

76
Q

Area of back ribs and hips, loin.

A

Lumbar

77
Q

Posterior surface of head or base of skull.

A

Occipital

78
Q

Posterior surface of elbow.

A

Olecranon

79
Q

Posterior knee area.

A

Popliteal

80
Q

Area between hips at base of spine.

A

Sacral

81
Q

Shoulder blade region.

A

Scapular

82
Q

Posterior surface of leg.

A

Sural

83
Q

Area of spinal column.

A

Vertebral

84
Q

Its main function is for the energy of the body.

A

Carbohydrates

85
Q

Which is healthier?
A) Saturated fats
B) Unsaturated fats

A

A

86
Q

All structures in particular region of the body (abdomen or leg region).

A

Regional

87
Q

It protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.

A

Skeletal system

88
Q

It responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

A

Nervous system

89
Q

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

A

Digestive system

89
Q

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.

A

Urinary system

90
Q

Set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy.

A

Anabolism

91
Q

Dynamic state of equilibrium or balance in which internal conditions vary
but always within relatively narrow limits.

A

Homeostasis

92
Q

In negative feedback mechanisms, when a signal is bound to its receptor, a specific intracellular
signal transduction pathway is triggered which leads to either?

A

Cell fate changes or morphogenetic responses

93
Q

Cells only arise from?

A

Other cells

94
Q

Organelle that controls
cellular activities.

A

Nucleus

95
Q

Substances contributing to body mass that are found outside of the
cells.

A

Extracellular materials

96
Q

Phospholipid bilayer with protein molecules plugged in as a fluid
mosaic.

A

Plasma membrane

97
Q

In the functions of plasma membrane, it determines which substances enters or exit
the cell.

A

Selective Permeability

98
Q

Diffuse directly through the lipid
bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that
readily dissolve in lipids).

A

Simple Diffusion

99
Q

Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and
reversibly with the transported substances.

A

Active transport

Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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