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Anatomy and Physiology > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Studies the function of the body, how the body parts work
and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What are the 12 Body’s Organ Systems?

A

Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System / Immunity
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System

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4
Q

What does this highly organized human body do?

A
  1. Maintaining boundaries
  2. Movement
  3. Responsiveness/ Excitability
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
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5
Q

Set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

A

Catabolism

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6
Q

Set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions requires energy.

A

Anabolism, also known as ‘Endergonic Process’

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7
Q

What are the survival needs?

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Normal Body Temperature
  5. Atmospheric Pressure
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8
Q

Ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even
though the outside world changes continuously.

A

Homeostasis

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9
Q

Most control mechanisms.

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

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10
Q

The response to a stimulus does not stop or reverse it but instead
keeps the sequence of events going up.

A

Positive feedback mechanisms

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11
Q

An inability of the body to
restore a functional, stable
internal environment.

A

Homeostatic Imbalance

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12
Q

Give their atomic symbol:
1.Oxygen
2.Carbon
3.Hydrogen
4.Nitrogen
5.Calcium
6.Phosphorus
7.Potassium
8.Sulfur
9.Sodium
10.Chlorine
11.Magnesium
12.Iodine
13.Iron

A

1.O
2.C
3.H
4.N
5.Ca
6.P
7.K
8.S
9.Na
10.Cl
11.Mg
12.I
13.Fe

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13
Q

Solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light.

A

Solution

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14
Q

Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light; do not settle out.

A

Colloid

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15
Q

Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light.

A

Suspension

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16
Q

Any element or compound equal to its molecular weight in
grams.

A

Mole

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17
Q

Study of the chemical composition and
reactions of living matter.

A

Biochemistry

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18
Q

Groups of atoms that bear an
overall charge.

A

Polyatomic ions

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19
Q

Substance
that release hydrogen ions in detectable
amounts.

A

Acids, also called, ‘proton donors’

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20
Q

Measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various
body fluids

A

pH (Power of Hydrogen)

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21
Q

Smallest unit of life.

A

Cell

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22
Q

A generalized composite cells has?

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
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23
Q

It allows neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate,
inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells.

A

Cell Junctions

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24
Q

The carbohydrates on the outside of the cell form a coating called?

A

Glycocalyx

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25
Functions of the Plasma Membrane.
1. Physical Barrier 2. Selective Permeability 3. Communication 4. Cell Recognition
26
Membrane proteins functions.
1. Transport 2. Receptor for signal transduction 3. Enzymatic activity 4. Cell-cell recognition 5. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) 6. Cell-to-cell joining
27
Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane.
Osmosis
28
Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume.
Tonicity
29
In this solution, cells retain their normal size and shape (same solute/water concentration as inside cells; water moves in and out).
Isotonic solutions
30
It move solutes uphill, against a concentration gradient using energy.
Active transport
31
A large external particle (proteins, bacteria, dead cell debris) is surrounded by a pseudopod ("false foot") and becomes enclosed in a vesicle (phagosome).
Phagocytosis
32
It directly uses energy of ATP hydrolysis.
Primary active transport
33
Vesicles pinch off from organelles and travel to other organelles to deliver their cargo.
Vesicular trafficking
34
Membrane Potential is also termed as?
Voltage
35
According to Ren, Roberts and Shi (2011), these are cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).
Adhesion molecules
36
Process in which a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates a response.
Chemical Signaling
37
Chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed.
Paracrines
38
Forms of chemical signaling.
1. Autocrine 2. Signaling across gap junctions 3. Paracrine 4. Endocrine
39
Regulatory molecule that acts as a middle-man to activate either 1) membrane bound enzyme or 2) ion channel.
G-protein
40
Viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements are suspended.
Cytosol
41
Observable structures we can see with our naked eyes.
Gross anatomy
42
Anatomy came from the Greek words?
tomy - 'cut' and ana - 'apart'
43
Study of the body structures that are too small.
Microscopic anatomy
44
Levels of structural organization.
1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissues 4. Organ 5. Organ system 6. Organism
45
Caudal “toward the tail”
Inferior
46
Ventral “animal’s belly”
Anterior
47
Dorsal “animal’s back”
Posterior
48
Navel
Umbilical
49
Area between the neck and abdomen, supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages; chest.
Thoracic
50
Ankle region
Tarsal
51
Breastbone area
Sternal
52
Genital region
Pubic
53
Area overlying the pelvis anteriorly.
Pelvic
54
Relating to, or occurring in or on the chest.
Pectoral
55
Anterior knee
Patellar
56
Eyes area
Orbital
57
Mouth
Oral
58
Nose area
Nasal
59
Chin
Mental
60
Area where thigh meets body trunk; groin.
Inguinal
61
Lateral part of leg.
Fibular
62
Thigh
Femoral
63
Fingers and toes
Digital
64
Curved of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle.
Deltoid
65
Hip
Coxal
66
Neck region
Cervical
67
Wrist
Carpal
68
Cheek area
Buccal
69
Arm
Brachial
70
Armpit
Axillary
71
Anterior surface of elbow.
Antecubital
72
Forearm
Antebrachial
73
Heel of foot.
Calcaneal
74
Head
Cephalic
75
Buttock
Gluteal
76
Area of back ribs and hips, loin.
Lumbar
77
Posterior surface of head or base of skull.
Occipital
78
Posterior surface of elbow.
Olecranon
79
Posterior knee area.
Popliteal
80
Area between hips at base of spine.
Sacral
81
Shoulder blade region.
Scapular
82
Posterior surface of leg.
Sural
83
Area of spinal column.
Vertebral
84
Its main function is for the energy of the body.
Carbohydrates
85
Which is healthier? A) Saturated fats B) Unsaturated fats
A
86
All structures in particular region of the body (abdomen or leg region).
Regional
87
It protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.
Skeletal system
88
It responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Nervous system
89
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
Digestive system
89
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.
Urinary system
90
Set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy.
Anabolism
91
Dynamic state of equilibrium or balance in which internal conditions vary but always within relatively narrow limits.
Homeostasis
92
In negative feedback mechanisms, when a signal is bound to its receptor, a specific intracellular signal transduction pathway is triggered which leads to either?
Cell fate changes or morphogenetic responses
93
Cells only arise from?
Other cells
94
Organelle that controls cellular activities.
Nucleus
95
Substances contributing to body mass that are found outside of the cells.
Extracellular materials
96
Phospholipid bilayer with protein molecules plugged in as a fluid mosaic.
Plasma membrane
97
In the functions of plasma membrane, it determines which substances enters or exit the cell.
Selective Permeability
98
Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids).
Simple Diffusion
99
Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances.
Active transport

Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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