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Cardiovascular System > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The heart appears to be a what shape?

A

Cone / inverted triangle shaped

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2
Q

The heart relatively same size as what?

A

Closed fist

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3
Q

Where does the heart rest?

A

Diaphragm

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4
Q

Where is the hear located?

A

Mediastinum

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5
Q

What is the inferior border of the heart?

A

Diaphragm

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6
Q

What is the lateral border of the heart?

A

Lungs

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7
Q

What is the anterior border of the heart?

A

Sternum

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8
Q

What is the posterior border of the heart?

A

Vertebra

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9
Q

What structure forms the anterior surface of the heart?

A

RIght Ventricle

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10
Q

___ forms the most posterior heart surface

A

Light Atrium

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11
Q

___ forms heart’s apex

A

Left Ventricle

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12
Q

What are the anterior surfaces of the heart? (2)

A

Right Atrium and Ventricle

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13
Q

What is the posterior surface of the heart? (2)

A

Right and Left Atrium

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14
Q

What are the inferior surface of the heart? (2)

A

Right and Left Ventricle

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15
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A
  1. Pericardium
  2. Epicardium
  3. Myocardium
  4. Endocardium
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16
Q

Fibrous connective tissue that encloses the heart

A

Pericardium

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17
Q

What is the function of the Pericardium?

A

Protects heart from trauma and infection

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18
Q

The outermost layers of the pericardium is called a ___?

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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19
Q

What is the function of the Fibrous Pericardium?

A

It anchors hearts on mediastinum and it prevents the heart from over stretching

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20
Q

The innermost layer of the pericardium is called a ___?

A

Serous Pericardium

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21
Q

A layer that adheres tightly to the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal Serous Pericardium

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22
Q

What is the outermost layer of the Serous Pericardium?

A

Parietal Serous Pericardium

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23
Q

Layer that adheres tightly to the heart

A

Visceral Serous Pericardium

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24
Q

Normal value of Pericardial Fluid

A

15 mL

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25
Q

What is the function of the Pericardial Fluid?

A

decrease friction in heart to prevent friction rub

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26
Q

Where is the pericardial fluid located?

A

between the visceral and parietal SP (pericardial space)

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27
Q

Increase pericardial fluid results to:

A

Cardiac Tamponade

(-) pain
Death 2* to MI d/t unable to pump blood

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28
Q

Decrease pericardial fluid results to:

A

Pericardial Friction Rub

Pain
Pericarditis

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29
Q

What are the 2 parts of the atrioventricular valve?

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

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30
Q

What are the 3 parts of the semilunar valve?

A

Pulmonary, Aortic, Outlet

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31
Q

Also called the receiving chamber

A

Atria

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32
Q

Muscle present in the anterior wall of the 2 atria making the texture rough

A

Pectinate Muscle

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33
Q

Opening of the interatrial septum of a fetal heart

A

Foramen Ovale

34
Q

Remnant of foramen ovale

A

Fossa Ovalis

35
Q

Oval depression

A

Fossa Ovalis

36
Q

Also called the pumping chambers

A

Ventricles

37
Q

What is the fiber called in the ridges of the cardiac muscle?

A

Trabeculae Carbae

38
Q

Cone shape structure of trabeculae carnae where the chordae tendinae are attached

A

Papillary muscle

39
Q

Structure that separates 2 ventricles

A

Interventricular Septum

40
Q

Provides blood supply to the heart

A

Coronary Artery

41
Q

Supplies blood in the Anterior Wall and Apical Wall of the (L) Ventricle

A

Left Anterior Descending Artery (LADA)

42
Q

Supplies blood to the Lateral Wall and Inferior Wall of (L) Ventricle

A

Circumflex Artery

43
Q

Most common L sided heart failure

A

Left ventricular failure

44
Q

Direct covering of the heart

A

Epicardium

45
Q

contractile unit of the heart

A

Mayocardium

46
Q

Smooth lining of the heart

A

Endocardium

47
Q

What happens in S3?

A

Rapid filling of ventricles

In CHF: Ventricular Gallop by non-contractile left ventricle CHF (dec contraction)

48
Q

What part of pregnancy is ventricular gallop expected?

A

Last trimester

49
Q

What happens in S4?

A

Atrial Systole

In MI/HTN: Atrial gallop

50
Q

What causes S4 sound?

A

MI, CAD, Stenosis, HTN (overwork), Athlete

51
Q

Direct connection of SA et AV node

A

Internodal Pathway

52
Q

Drugs used for decreased contraction

A

beta-blockers
calcium channel blocker
alpha-1 locker

53
Q

ANS effect in the heart

A

para- decrease contraction
sympa- increase contraction

54
Q

Aka Sinus Node

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

55
Q

Primary pacemaker

A

SA Node

56
Q

SA Node rate (bpm)

A

60-100 bpm

57
Q

What is the general location of SA node?

A

R Atrium

58
Q

What is the specific location of the SA Node?

A

Superior Septum Wall of th eRA bet slightly lateral to the opening of the Superior Vena Cava

59
Q

Aka Junctional Node

A

Atrioventricular Node

60
Q

Secondary Pacemaker

A

AV node

61
Q

AV node rate (bpm)

A

40-60 bpm

62
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Behind the tricuspid valve

63
Q

mc site for H.B.

A

AV Node

64
Q

Location of Bundle of His

A

Interventricular Spetum

65
Q

Where is the Purkinje Fibers located?

A

Surrounds the 2 ventricles

66
Q

Largest pacemaker of the heart

A

Purkinje Fibers

67
Q

Tertiary pacemaker

A

Purkinje fibers

68
Q

Tertiary pacemaker rate (bmp)

A

20-60 bpm

69
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of the cardiac action potential?

A

-88mV

70
Q

What happens during Phase 0 of cardiac action potential?

A

Depolarization
inward current of Na+

71
Q

What happens during phase 1 of cardiac action potential?

A

Initial repolarization
decrease of Na+
Outward current of K+

72
Q

What happens during phase 2 of cardiac action potential?

A

Plateau “pla-two”
Inward current of Ca2+

73
Q

What happens during phase 3 of cardiac action potential?

A

Repolarization
Decrease influx of Ca2+
Outward current of K+

74
Q

What happens during phase 4 of cardiac action potential?

A

Resting membrane potential
return to -88mV

75
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

ventricular Relaxation

76
Q

What happens during systole?

A

Ventricular Contraction

77
Q

What happens during isovolumetric contraction?

A

no change in volume

78
Q

What happens during ventricular ejection?

A

increase systolic pressure

79
Q

What happens during isovolumetric relaxation

A

ventricles return to the start point

80
Q

What happens during ventricular filling?

A

passive filling

Cardiovascular System (1 decks)

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