Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What functions does the skeleton have?
1) Protection
2) Movement
3) Mineral storage
4) Blood cell production
5) Support and Shape
What are the different types of bones in the Skeleton and what are their functions?
Short bones- used for more finer movements, like bones in the hand moving at the wrist.
Flat bones - these are used to protect vital organs. They have a broad surface area. The cranium protects the brain.
Long bones - used for more larger gross movements, like the humerus in the arm.
Give some long bones
Humerus in the arm is used to move the whole arm. Application to sport is that can swing a badminton racket.
Femur in your leg is a long bone, used to help move the whole leg. When your walking or running
Name a flat bone, and what it does?
A flat bone can be the cranium that protects the brain when you go for a header in football, or the sternum, that protects the heart and the lungs.
Name a short bone and its function.
Talus, and its able to bear the weight of the body when standing.
What are joints-
any part where two or more bones meet.
What is flexion? Example?
flexion is closing at the joint. When your doing the down phase of a push up you are completing flexion at the elbow.
What is Extension? Example
Extension is the opening of a joint. When you are on your upwards phase of a push up, you are completing flexion at the elbow.
What is adduction? Example
Its when you move towards the imaginary line of the body. For example swinging a golf club.
What is abduction? Example
Its when you move away from the imaginary line of the body. For example taking the tennis racket back before swinging it.
What is rotation? Example
Clockwise or anticlockwise movement. Example is the shoulder movement when doing a top spin forehand in tennis.
What is circumduction? Example
Circumduction is the movement of a limb in a circular motion. For example a cricket bowl overarm.
What is Plantar flexion? Example
Plantar flexion is the extension of the ankle. for example pointing the toes down in gymnastics.
What is Dorsi Flexion. Example
Dorsi flexion is the flexion at the ankle. Lifting the tows during gymnastics.
What type of movements do ball and socket joints do?
Hip and shoulder - extension, flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction.
What type of movements do hinge joints do?
Knee and elbow - flexion and extension.
What are ligaments?
Ligaments hold bones together, and prevents dislocation of the joints.
What are Tendons?
Tendons attach muscle to bone to allow bones to move when muscles contract.
What is Cartilage?
A cushion between bones, to prevent damage during movement.
What is the structure of a synovial joint?
There are two bones held together by ligaments. The ends of the bones are covered with cartilage and are shaped so they fit perfectly. The synovial membrane releases synovial fluid which lubricates the joint. Most synovial joints have sacs of bursae which reduce friction. The structure helps to prevent injury to the bones.
What is an isometric contraction? Example?
Isometric contraction is when the muscle stays the same length. An example is pulling a rope attached to the rope, no muscle is changing length.
What is an isotonic contraction, two types and example.
Isotonic contraction is when the muscle changes length so something moves.
Concentric contraction - When the muscle contracts and shortens. For example when doing the upward phase of a bicep curl your biceps shorten.
Eccentric contraction - when your muscle contracts and lengthens. For example downward stage of a bicep curl, your biceps increase in length.
What is an antagonistic muscle pair?
Are pairs of muscles that work against each other. one muscle contracts and the other relaxes. Contracting muscle is called the agonist while the relaxing is the antagonist.
