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haemotology > anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is haematopoeisis?

A

formation of blood cellular components

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2
Q

what is primitive haematopoeisis?

A

production of erythrocytes and macrophages - essential during embryonic development

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3
Q

what is the most primitive haematopoietic cell?

A

haematopoietic stem cell

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4
Q

what is definitive haematopoiesis?

A

occurs later in developement - produces: erythroid myeloid-progenitors, allows all blood lineages in adults by haematopoietic stem cells (multipotent)

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5
Q

where does embryonic haematopoiesis occur during 14-19 days post fertilisation?

A

yolk sac

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6
Q

where is haematopoiesis during 2nd trimester?

A

liver

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7
Q

where does adult haematopoiesis occur?

A

bone marrow in long bones and thymus - they contain red and yellow marrow
others contain yellow marrow

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8
Q

in infants and young children which bones allow haematopoiesis?

A

most of them - contains red marrow

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9
Q

what does yellow marrow do?

A

provide structural support

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10
Q

if their is insufficient haematopoiesis within an adult what happens?

A

red marrow may expand to liver and spleen - extra medullary haematopoiesis

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11
Q

what % of blood is haemocrit?

A

45% - erythrocytes - dense

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12
Q

what % is plasma within the blood?

A

55% - water (mainly) but has protein (albumin, Ig, fibrinogen) and others (vitamins, lipids, hormones)

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13
Q

what % is the buffy coat within blood?

A

<1% - leukocytes and platelets

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14
Q

describe the structure of erythrocytes

A
  • non nucleated cells
  • 7 microns in diameter
  • Biconcave disc with central area of pallor
  • Contains red cell membrane, metabolic machinery and haemoglobin
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15
Q

how many days does a RBC remain in circulation for?

A

120 days

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16
Q

describe haemoglobin structure

A
  • 4 polypeptide globin chains each containing a haem group
  • Adult haemoglobin (HbA) contains 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
  • Haem group: ferrous atom, polyphyrin ring (allows reversible binding)
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17
Q

where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

bone marrow

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18
Q

what is EPO?

A

growth factor that facilitates erythrocyte production

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19
Q

how does the body maintain RBC haemostasis?

A

constantly destroying old/ damages RBC (haemolysis) and replacing new

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20
Q

where does extravascular haemolysis occur?

A

outside the blood vessels eg spleen - macrophage RBC destruction

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21
Q

what do kuppler cells do within RBC lysis?

A

kuppler are located within liver
they phagocytose haemoglobin

22
Q

what happens to the iron after haemolysis?

A

gets released back into circulation after a few days or stored in liver as ferritin

23
Q

what is polyphorin ring converted to?

A

bilirubin

24
Q

what happens to globin aspect during RBC breakdown?

A

digested by peptidases to produce amino acids - can be metbaolised or recycled

25
Q

what is haem broken down into?

A

iron and bilirbin

26
Q

how does the body prevent iron oxidation following RBC breakdown?

A

released iron must be bound to a protein to prevent iron being oxidised into ferric state (Fe2+)

27
Q

where does intravascular haemolysis occur?

A

within blood vessels

28
Q

name some granulocytes

A

neutrophils
basophils and eosinophils

29
Q

what does neutrophils target?

A

bacteria fungi and foreign debris

30
Q

what do monocytes target or develop into?

A

target - clean up damaged cells as they develop into macrophages

31
Q

what do eosinophils target?

A

kill parasites, cancer
involved in allergic response

32
Q

what do lymphocytes target?

A

viruses and produce antibodies

33
Q

what are basophils involved with?

A

allergic response

34
Q

where do monocytes become macrophages?

A

within tissues

35
Q

what is the role of platelets?

A

clump together in platelet aggregation and plug gaps where blood clots form

36
Q

what is the daily intake of iron?

A

15mg

37
Q

how much iron is absorbed daily?

A

1mg

38
Q

what conditions is iron best absorpbed in?

A

acidic - best to take supplements between meals

39
Q

where does iron absorbption occur?

A

stomach and duodenum - enterocytes

40
Q

why do coeliac sometimes have anaemia?

A

villious atrophy in duodenum and jejunum

41
Q

what state is Fe2+?

A

ferrous state

42
Q

what state is Fe3+?

A

ferric state - free iron

43
Q

which iron state can be absorbed?

A
  • Free iron in ferric state requires reduction to ferrous state for absorption – acidic conditions of stomach acid. Ascorbic acid = vit C reduces. Duodenal cytochrome b ferric reductase – found on brush border of duodenal enterocytes
44
Q

what is haem?

A

polyphrin ring containing iron in ferrous state

45
Q

how does Hb enter enterocytes?

A
  • Hame – endocytosed by enterocytes where it is subsequently digested by haemoxidases to release ferric iron. Ferrous iron binds to DMT -1 to cross brush border
46
Q

how does haemoglobin get stored within enterocytes?

A
  • Inside enterocytes: can bind to apoferritn to form ferritin – stored within enterocyte (needs to be ferric state)
47
Q

how does Hb leave enterocyte and re-enter blood stream?

A
  • Ferrous ions are transported out of enterocyte and are oxidised to ferric state by hepaestin for further transfer
    exported out by ferroportin 1
48
Q

what does transferrin do?

A

transports ferritin ions - to tissues that require iron

49
Q

what is TIBC?

A

total iron binding capacity - transferrin unbound to iron

50
Q

what is haemosiderin?

A

insoluble form of iron, mainly found on macrophages

51
Q

what is the urine test for multiple myeloma?

A

bence-jones urine test

52
Q
A

haemotology (4 decks)

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