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Esthetics: Chapter 2 (A&P) > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Chapter 2 vocabulary flashcards

1
Q

Abduction

A

Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abduction separates the fingers

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2
Q

The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells.

A

Absorption

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3
Q

Also known as eleventh cranial nerve; a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles

A

Accessory Nerve

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4
Q

Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, adduction draw the fingers together

A

Adduction

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5
Q

Transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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6
Q

A specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body

A

Adipose Tissue

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7
Q

Glands that are located at the top of the kidneys assisting in the regulation of metabolism, stress response and blood pressure, and support of immune system health through the generation of specific hormones

A

Adrenal Glands

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8
Q

The study of human body structure, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts

A

Anatomy

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9
Q

The body’s largest artery, the arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body

A

Aorta

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10
Q

Thick-walled muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body

A

Arteries

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11
Q

Small arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries

A

Arterioles

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12
Q

The three muscles of the ear that work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward

A

Auricularis Muscles

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13
Q

Affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull

A

Auriculotemporal Nerve

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14
Q

Abbreviated ANS; the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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15
Q

The middle part of the muscle

A

Belly

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16
Q

Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm

A

Biceps

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17
Q

Nutritive fluid circulating through the cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them

A

Blood

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18
Q

Tube-like structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

A

Blood Vessels

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19
Q

Groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems

A

Body Systems

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20
Q

Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensations, muscles, glandular activity

A

Brain

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21
Q

Structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain

A

Brain Stem

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22
Q

affects the muscles of the mouth

A

Buccal Nerve

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23
Q

The thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips, as in when blowing a whistle

A

Buccinator

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24
Q

Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste material

A

Capillaries

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25
Q

Body system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body

A

Cardiovascular System

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26
Q

Also known as the wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments

A

Carpus

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27
Q

Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell

A

Cell Membrane

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28
Q

Basic unit of all living things; capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life

A

Cells

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29
Q

Abbreviated CNS; cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves

A

Central Nervous System

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30
Q

A branch of the facial nerve that affects the side of the neck and the platysma muscle

A

Cervical Nerves

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31
Q

Located at the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone

A

Cervical Cutaneous Nerves

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32
Q

The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region

A

Cervical Vertebrae

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33
Q

Also known as cardiovascular system; system that controls the steady, circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels

A

Circulatory System

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34
Q

Also known as the collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula

A

Clavicle

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35
Q

: Arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck, located on either side of the neck, having an internal and external branch

A

Common Carotid Arteries

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36
Q

: Fibrous tissues that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Examples of connective tissues are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fats

A

Connective Tissue

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37
Q

: Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

A

Corrugator Muscle

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38
Q

Oval, bony case that protects the brain

A

Cranium

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39
Q

Elimination of feces from the body

A

Defecation

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40
Q

Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

A

Deltoid

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41
Q

Abbreviated DNA; the blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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42
Q

also known as triangularis muscle; muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth

A

Depressor Anguli Oris

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43
Q

Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing

A

Diaphragm

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44
Q

Breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means

A

Digestion

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45
Q

Chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body

A

Digestive Enzymes

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46
Q

Also called the gastrointestinal system; responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes; consists of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs

A

Digestive System

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47
Q

Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers

A

Digital Nerve

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48
Q

Also known as phalanges; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb., totaling 14 bones

A

Digits

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49
Q

Also known as endocrine glands; glands that release secretions called hormones directly into the blood stream

A

Ductless Glands

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50
Q

Also known as accessory nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motions of the neck and shoulder muscles

A

Eleventh Cranial Nerve

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51
Q

Also known as ductless glands; release secretions, called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the body

A

Endocrine Glands

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52
Q

Group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body

A

Endocrine system

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53
Q

A group of complex proteins produced by living cells that act as catalyst in specific chemical reactions in the body, such as digestion

A

Enzymes

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54
Q

Also known as the occipitofrontalis; a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and includes the occipitalis and frontalis

A

Epicranius

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55
Q

: Protective covering on body services, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands

A

Epithelial Tissue

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56
Q

Light, spongy bone between the eye-sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities

A

Ethmoid Bone

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57
Q

Groups of organs- including kidneys, liver, skin, large intestines, and lungs- that purify the body by elimination of waste matter

A

Excretory System

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58
Q

breathing outward; expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs

A

Exhalation

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59
Q

also known as the duct glands; produce a substance that travels through small tube-like ducts. Sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group.

A

Exocrine Glands

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60
Q

When muscles straighten. When the wrist, hand, fingers form a straight line, for example.

A

Extension

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61
Q

vein located on the side of the neck the carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck

A

External jugular vein

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62
Q

it is the chief motor nerve in the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck

A

Facial nerve

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63
Q

also known as trifacial or trigeminal nerve; it is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It has 3 branches

A

Fifth cranial nerve

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64
Q

when muscles move to pull the body part toward the core of the body, such as when the biceps of the arm are activated toward the body

A

Flexion

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65
Q

bone forming the forehead

A

Frontal bone

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66
Q

front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; muscles of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead

A

Frontalis

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67
Q

responsible for changing food into nutrients and waste, also called the digestive system

A

Gastrointestinal system

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68
Q

the corregator and procerus muscles; considered an area or region such as between the eyebrows, and or on the frontal bone. No specifically a muscle or a bone

A

Glabella

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69
Q

: an organ that contributes to keeping the body in homeostasis by producing chemicals, including hormones, that are passed directly into the bloodstream because the glands have no duct system to travel through

A

Glands

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70
Q

located at the side of the neck, affects the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland

A

Greater auricular nerve

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71
Q

located in the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head.

A

Greater occipital nerve

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72
Q

muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system

A

Heart

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73
Q

also known as microscopic anatomy; the study of structure and composition tissue

A

Histology

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74
Q

secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body, or a body organ, to stimulate functional activity or secretion, such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen

A

Hormones

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75
Q

uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder

A

Humerus

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76
Q

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle

A

Hyoid bone

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77
Q

affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth

A

Infraorbital nerve

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78
Q

affects the membrane and skin of the nose

A

Infratrochlear nerve

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79
Q

eating or taking food into the body

A

Ingestion

80
Q

breathing through the nose or mouth; oxygen is absorbed by the blood

A

Inhalation

81
Q

point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more movable body part

A

Insertion

82
Q

the skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails

A

Integumentary system

83
Q

vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck

A

Internal Jugular Vein

84
Q

a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells and provides the cells with nutrients and a method of removing cell waste; the fluid contains components that are involved in blood clotting and wound healing

A

Interstitial fluid

85
Q

connection between two or more bones of the skeleton

A

Joint

86
Q

one of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating water and waste products

A

Kidneys

87
Q

smallest, most fragile, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the orbits (eye sockets)

A

Lacrimal bones

88
Q

large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back

A

Latissimus dorsi

89
Q

also known as smaller occipital nerve; located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear

A

Lesser occipital nerve

90
Q

a muscle associated with smiling

A

Levator anguli oris

91
Q

thin muscle that controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application

A

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

92
Q

a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip. It is sometimes called the quadratus labii superioris

A

Levator labii superioris

93
Q

a gland in the abdominal cavity that secretes enzymes necessary for digestion, synthesizes proteins, and detoxifies the blood. It regulates sugar levels in the blood and helps with decomposition of red blood cells and produces hormones necessary for body functions

A

Liver

94
Q

main organs of the respiratory system. Two of them, located on either side of the heart, take oxygen from the environment, and transfer it to the bloodstream. They also exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide during breath

A

Lungs

95
Q

a liquid composed of changing components in the interstitial fluid as the fluid is circulating throughout the body, dispersing white blood cells and cell nutrients, such as sugars, fats, and salts, as well as absorbing toxins and waste

A

Lymph

96
Q

gland-like structure found inside lymphatic vessels; filters the lymphatic vessels and helps fight infection

A

Lymph nodes

97
Q

: vital to the circulatory and immune systems; made up of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the blood system; the lymphatic and immune systems are closely connected in that they protect the body from disease by developing resistances and destroying disease-causing microorganisms

A

Lymphatic/immune system

98
Q

lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face

A

Mandible

99
Q

affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip

A

Mandibular nerve

100
Q

one of the muscles that coordinate with the temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as a chewing muscle

A

Masseter

101
Q

forms the upper jaw

A

Maxillae bones

102
Q

affects the upper part of the face

A

Maxillary nerve

103
Q

nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand

A

Median Nerve

104
Q

also referred to as pregnancy mask; a form of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentation on the cheeks, jawline, forehead, and upper lip due to hormonal imbalances, such as pregnancy, birth control pills, or hormone replacement therapy

A

Melasma

105
Q

affects the skin of the lower lip and chin

A

Mental nerve

106
Q

muscle that elevated the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

A

Mentalis

107
Q
  1. Chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. 2. The process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy
A

Metabolism

108
Q

also known as palm; consists of 5 long, slender bones called metacarpal bones

A

Metacarpus

109
Q

a cell structure that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell, called ATP, adenosine triphosphate

A

Mitochondria

110
Q

cells dividing into two new identical cells (daughter cells); the normal process of cell reproduction of human tissues

A

Mitosis

111
Q

carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement

A

Motor nerves

112
Q

tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body

A

Muscle tissue

113
Q

body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body

A

Muscular system

114
Q

back of the neck

A

Nape

115
Q

bones that form the bridge of the nose

A

Nasal bones

116
Q

affects the point and lower side of the nose

A

Nasal nerve

117
Q

tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions

A

Nasalis muscle

118
Q

whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted

A

Nerves

119
Q

body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work efficiently, in sync with each other

A

Nervous system

120
Q

the scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system

A

Neurology

121
Q

also known as nerve cell; cells that make up the nerves, brain, spinal cord and transmit nerve impulses

A

Neuron

122
Q

fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA; determines our genetic makeup

A

Nucleoplasm

123
Q

the central part, core. In anatomy and histology, the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of a cell that acts as the genetic control center; plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism

A

Nucleus

124
Q

hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape

A

Occipital bone

125
Q

back of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backwards

A

Occipitalis

126
Q

affects the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage

A

Ophthalmic nerve

127
Q

ring muscle of the eye socket; closes the eyelid

A

Orbicularis oculi

128
Q

flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips

A

Orbicularis oris

129
Q

small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function

A

Organelles

130
Q

structures composed of specialized tissues; perform specific functions in plants and animals

A

Organs

131
Q

part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle

A

Origin

132
Q

function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics

A

Ovaries

133
Q

secretes enzyme-producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The islet of Langerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production

A

Pancreas

134
Q

regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly

A

Parathyroid gland

135
Q

bones that form the sides and top of the cranium

A

Parietal bones

136
Q

muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm

A

Pectoralis major and minor

137
Q

abbreviated PNS; system of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves

A

Peripheral nervous system

138
Q

moves food along the digestive tract

A

Peristalsis

139
Q

also know as digits; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones

A

Phalanges (singular: phalanx)

140
Q

study of the functions or activities performed by the body’s structures

A

Physiology

141
Q

a gland located in the brain; plays a major role in sexual development, sleep, metabolism

A

Pineal gland

142
Q

a gland found in the center of the head; the most complex organ of the endocrine system; affects almost every physiologic process of the body: growth, blood pressure, contractions during childbirth, breast-milk production, sexual organ functions in both men and women, thyroid gland function, and conversion of food into energy (metabolism)

A

Pituitary gland

143
Q

fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secretions to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells

A

Plasma

144
Q

also known as thrombocytes; much smaller than red blood cells; contributes to the blood-clotting process, which stops bleeding

A

Platelets

145
Q

broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip

A

Platysma

146
Q

affects the muscle behind the ear at the base of the skull

A

Posterior auricular nerve

147
Q

muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, depresses the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge

A

Procerus

148
Q

when muscles turn inward. For example, when the palm faces downward

A

Pronate

149
Q

colorless, jellylike substance in cells; contains nutrients such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water

A

Protoplasm

150
Q

sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified, then back to the heart again

A

Pulmonary circulation

151
Q

a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip. It is sometimes called the levator labii superioris

A

Quadratus labii superioris

152
Q

a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand

A

Radial nerve

153
Q

smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb

A

Radius

154
Q

sensory nerve endings located close to the surface of the skin

A

Receptors

155
Q

blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs

A

Red blood cells (RBC)

156
Q

automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord. A responsive impulse is sent along a motor neuron to a muscle, causing a reaction (e.g., the quick removal of a hand from a hot object). Reflexes do not have to be learned; they are automatic

A

Reflex

157
Q

body systems that includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and the testes, prostate gland, penis, and urethra in the male. This system performs the function of procreation and passing on the genetic code from one generation to another

A

Reproductive system

158
Q

process of inhaling and exhaling; the act of breathing; the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs and within each cell

A

Respiration

159
Q

body system consisting of the lungs and air passages; enables breathing, which supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product

A

Respiratory system

160
Q

twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax

A

Ribs

161
Q

muscle that draws the corners of the mouth out and back when grinning

A

Risorius

162
Q

also know as the shoulder blade; one of a pair of large, flat triangular bones of the shoulder

A

Scapula

163
Q

carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations such as touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced; sensory nerve endings called receptors are located close to the surface of the brain

A

Sensory nerves

164
Q

also known as the facial nerve; the chief motor nerve of the face; emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck

A

Seventh cranial nerve

165
Q

physical foundations of the body, composed of the bones and movable and immovable joints

A

Skeletal system

166
Q

external protective coating that covers the body; the body’s largest organ; acts as the barrier to protect the body systems from the outside elements; part of the integumentary system

A

Skin

167
Q

also known as lesser occipital nerve; located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear

A

Smaller occipital nerve

168
Q

capable of being dissolved or liquefied

A

Soluble

169
Q

forms the sides of the eye socket

A

Sphenoid bone

170
Q

portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, and is protected by the spinal column

A

Spinal cord

171
Q

also known as breastbone; the flat bone that forms the ventral support of the ribs

A

Sternum

172
Q

the muscle extending alongside of the neck from the ear to the collarbone; acts to rotate the head from side to side and up and down

A

Sternocleidomastoid

173
Q

when muscles rotate, for example, in the forearm, the radius turns outward and the palm upward

A

Supinate

174
Q

affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow, and upper eyelid

A

Supraorbital nerve

175
Q

also known as general circulation; circulation of the blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart

A

Systemic circulation

176
Q

bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region

A

Temporal bones

177
Q

affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the cheek

A

Temporal nerve

178
Q

temporal muscle; one of the muscles involved in mastication (chewing)

A

Temporalis muscle

179
Q

male organs that produce the male hormone testosterone

A

Testes

180
Q

also known as chest; consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae; elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs

A

Thorax

181
Q

a gland located in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development, and maintenance of bone mass; needs iodine from the diet to function properly

A

Thyroid gland

182
Q

collection of similar cells that perform a particular function

A

Tissue

183
Q

muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back; stabilizes the scapula and shrugs the shoulders

A

Trapezius

184
Q

also known as the depressor anguli oris; is the muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corners of the mouth

A

Triangularis

185
Q

large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm

A

Triceps

186
Q

chief sensory nerve of the face; serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing; consists of three branches: ophthalmic nerve, mandibular nerve, and the maxillary nerve

A

Trifacial (trigeminal) nerve

187
Q

inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist on the side of the little finger

A

Ulna

188
Q

a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand

A

Ulnar nerve

189
Q

located in the abdominal cavity, a nerve of autonomic nervous system

A

Vagus nerve

190
Q

thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; they contain cuplike valves to prevent backflow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart and lungs

A

Veins

191
Q

small vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins; they collect blood from the capillaries and drain it into veins

A

Venules

192
Q

perform the function of destroying disease-causing germs

A

White blood cells (WBC)

193
Q

also known as malar bones or cheekbones; bones that form the prominence of the cheeks; the cheekbones

A

Zygomatic bones

194
Q

affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek

A

Zygomatic nerve

195
Q

consists of major and minor muscles extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth that elevates the lip, as in laughing

A

Zygomaticus

Esthetics: Chapter 2 (A&P) (1 decks)

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