Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Chapter 2 vocabulary flashcards
Abduction
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abduction separates the fingers
The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells.
Absorption
Also known as eleventh cranial nerve; a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles
Accessory Nerve
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, adduction draw the fingers together
Adduction
Transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
A specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body
Adipose Tissue
Glands that are located at the top of the kidneys assisting in the regulation of metabolism, stress response and blood pressure, and support of immune system health through the generation of specific hormones
Adrenal Glands
The study of human body structure, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts
Anatomy
The body’s largest artery, the arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body
Aorta
Thick-walled muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body
Arteries
Small arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries
Arterioles
The three muscles of the ear that work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward
Auricularis Muscles
Affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull
Auriculotemporal Nerve
Abbreviated ANS; the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart
Autonomic Nervous System
The middle part of the muscle
Belly
Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm
Biceps
Nutritive fluid circulating through the cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them
Blood
Tube-like structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
Blood Vessels
Groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems
Body Systems
Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensations, muscles, glandular activity
Brain
Structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain
Brain Stem
affects the muscles of the mouth
Buccal Nerve
The thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips, as in when blowing a whistle
Buccinator
Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste material
Capillaries
Body system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body
Cardiovascular System
Also known as the wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments
Carpus
Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell
Cell Membrane
Basic unit of all living things; capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life
Cells
Abbreviated CNS; cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves
Central Nervous System
A branch of the facial nerve that affects the side of the neck and the platysma muscle
Cervical Nerves
Located at the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone
Cervical Cutaneous Nerves
The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region
Cervical Vertebrae
Also known as cardiovascular system; system that controls the steady, circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels
Circulatory System
Also known as the collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula
Clavicle
: Arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck, located on either side of the neck, having an internal and external branch
Common Carotid Arteries
: Fibrous tissues that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Examples of connective tissues are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fats
Connective Tissue
: Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically
Corrugator Muscle
Oval, bony case that protects the brain
Cranium
Elimination of feces from the body
Defecation
Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
Deltoid
Abbreviated DNA; the blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
also known as triangularis muscle; muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth
Depressor Anguli Oris
Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing
Diaphragm
Breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means
Digestion
Chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body
Digestive Enzymes
Also called the gastrointestinal system; responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes; consists of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs
Digestive System
Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers
Digital Nerve
Also known as phalanges; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb., totaling 14 bones
Digits
Also known as endocrine glands; glands that release secretions called hormones directly into the blood stream
Ductless Glands
Also known as accessory nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motions of the neck and shoulder muscles
Eleventh Cranial Nerve
Also known as ductless glands; release secretions, called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the body
Endocrine Glands
Group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body
Endocrine system
A group of complex proteins produced by living cells that act as catalyst in specific chemical reactions in the body, such as digestion
Enzymes
Also known as the occipitofrontalis; a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and includes the occipitalis and frontalis
Epicranius
: Protective covering on body services, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands
Epithelial Tissue
Light, spongy bone between the eye-sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities
Ethmoid Bone
Groups of organs- including kidneys, liver, skin, large intestines, and lungs- that purify the body by elimination of waste matter
Excretory System
breathing outward; expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs
Exhalation
also known as the duct glands; produce a substance that travels through small tube-like ducts. Sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group.
Exocrine Glands
When muscles straighten. When the wrist, hand, fingers form a straight line, for example.
Extension
vein located on the side of the neck the carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck
External jugular vein
it is the chief motor nerve in the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck
Facial nerve
also known as trifacial or trigeminal nerve; it is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It has 3 branches
Fifth cranial nerve
when muscles move to pull the body part toward the core of the body, such as when the biceps of the arm are activated toward the body
Flexion
bone forming the forehead
Frontal bone
front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; muscles of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead
Frontalis
responsible for changing food into nutrients and waste, also called the digestive system
Gastrointestinal system
the corregator and procerus muscles; considered an area or region such as between the eyebrows, and or on the frontal bone. No specifically a muscle or a bone
Glabella
: an organ that contributes to keeping the body in homeostasis by producing chemicals, including hormones, that are passed directly into the bloodstream because the glands have no duct system to travel through
Glands
located at the side of the neck, affects the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland
Greater auricular nerve
located in the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head.
Greater occipital nerve
muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system
Heart
also known as microscopic anatomy; the study of structure and composition tissue
Histology
secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body, or a body organ, to stimulate functional activity or secretion, such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen
Hormones
uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder
Humerus
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle
Hyoid bone
affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth
Infraorbital nerve
affects the membrane and skin of the nose
Infratrochlear nerve
eating or taking food into the body
Ingestion
breathing through the nose or mouth; oxygen is absorbed by the blood
Inhalation
point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more movable body part
Insertion
the skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails
Integumentary system
vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck
Internal Jugular Vein
a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells and provides the cells with nutrients and a method of removing cell waste; the fluid contains components that are involved in blood clotting and wound healing
Interstitial fluid
connection between two or more bones of the skeleton
Joint
one of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating water and waste products
Kidneys
smallest, most fragile, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the orbits (eye sockets)
Lacrimal bones
large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back
Latissimus dorsi
also known as smaller occipital nerve; located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear
Lesser occipital nerve
a muscle associated with smiling
Levator anguli oris
thin muscle that controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip. It is sometimes called the quadratus labii superioris
Levator labii superioris
a gland in the abdominal cavity that secretes enzymes necessary for digestion, synthesizes proteins, and detoxifies the blood. It regulates sugar levels in the blood and helps with decomposition of red blood cells and produces hormones necessary for body functions
Liver
main organs of the respiratory system. Two of them, located on either side of the heart, take oxygen from the environment, and transfer it to the bloodstream. They also exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide during breath
Lungs
a liquid composed of changing components in the interstitial fluid as the fluid is circulating throughout the body, dispersing white blood cells and cell nutrients, such as sugars, fats, and salts, as well as absorbing toxins and waste
Lymph
gland-like structure found inside lymphatic vessels; filters the lymphatic vessels and helps fight infection
Lymph nodes
: vital to the circulatory and immune systems; made up of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the blood system; the lymphatic and immune systems are closely connected in that they protect the body from disease by developing resistances and destroying disease-causing microorganisms
Lymphatic/immune system
lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face
Mandible
affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip
Mandibular nerve
one of the muscles that coordinate with the temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as a chewing muscle
Masseter
forms the upper jaw
Maxillae bones
affects the upper part of the face
Maxillary nerve
nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand
Median Nerve
also referred to as pregnancy mask; a form of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentation on the cheeks, jawline, forehead, and upper lip due to hormonal imbalances, such as pregnancy, birth control pills, or hormone replacement therapy
Melasma
affects the skin of the lower lip and chin
Mental nerve
muscle that elevated the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin
Mentalis
- Chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. 2. The process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy
Metabolism
also known as palm; consists of 5 long, slender bones called metacarpal bones
Metacarpus
a cell structure that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell, called ATP, adenosine triphosphate
Mitochondria
cells dividing into two new identical cells (daughter cells); the normal process of cell reproduction of human tissues
Mitosis
carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement
Motor nerves
tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body
Muscle tissue
body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body
Muscular system
back of the neck
Nape
bones that form the bridge of the nose
Nasal bones
affects the point and lower side of the nose
Nasal nerve
tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions
Nasalis muscle
whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted
Nerves
body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work efficiently, in sync with each other
Nervous system
the scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system
Neurology
also known as nerve cell; cells that make up the nerves, brain, spinal cord and transmit nerve impulses
Neuron
fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA; determines our genetic makeup
Nucleoplasm
the central part, core. In anatomy and histology, the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of a cell that acts as the genetic control center; plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism
Nucleus
hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape
Occipital bone
back of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backwards
Occipitalis
affects the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage
Ophthalmic nerve
ring muscle of the eye socket; closes the eyelid
Orbicularis oculi
flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips
Orbicularis oris
small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function
Organelles
structures composed of specialized tissues; perform specific functions in plants and animals
Organs
part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle
Origin
function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics
Ovaries
secretes enzyme-producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The islet of Langerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production
Pancreas
regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly
Parathyroid gland
bones that form the sides and top of the cranium
Parietal bones
muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm
Pectoralis major and minor
abbreviated PNS; system of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves
Peripheral nervous system
moves food along the digestive tract
Peristalsis
also know as digits; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones
Phalanges (singular: phalanx)
study of the functions or activities performed by the body’s structures
Physiology
a gland located in the brain; plays a major role in sexual development, sleep, metabolism
Pineal gland
a gland found in the center of the head; the most complex organ of the endocrine system; affects almost every physiologic process of the body: growth, blood pressure, contractions during childbirth, breast-milk production, sexual organ functions in both men and women, thyroid gland function, and conversion of food into energy (metabolism)
Pituitary gland
fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secretions to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells
Plasma
also known as thrombocytes; much smaller than red blood cells; contributes to the blood-clotting process, which stops bleeding
Platelets
broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip
Platysma
affects the muscle behind the ear at the base of the skull
Posterior auricular nerve
muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, depresses the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge
Procerus
when muscles turn inward. For example, when the palm faces downward
Pronate
colorless, jellylike substance in cells; contains nutrients such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water
Protoplasm
sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified, then back to the heart again
Pulmonary circulation
a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip. It is sometimes called the levator labii superioris
Quadratus labii superioris
a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand
Radial nerve
smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb
Radius
sensory nerve endings located close to the surface of the skin
Receptors
blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs
Red blood cells (RBC)
automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord. A responsive impulse is sent along a motor neuron to a muscle, causing a reaction (e.g., the quick removal of a hand from a hot object). Reflexes do not have to be learned; they are automatic
Reflex
body systems that includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and the testes, prostate gland, penis, and urethra in the male. This system performs the function of procreation and passing on the genetic code from one generation to another
Reproductive system
process of inhaling and exhaling; the act of breathing; the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs and within each cell
Respiration
body system consisting of the lungs and air passages; enables breathing, which supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product
Respiratory system
twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax
Ribs
muscle that draws the corners of the mouth out and back when grinning
Risorius
also know as the shoulder blade; one of a pair of large, flat triangular bones of the shoulder
Scapula
carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations such as touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced; sensory nerve endings called receptors are located close to the surface of the brain
Sensory nerves
also known as the facial nerve; the chief motor nerve of the face; emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck
Seventh cranial nerve
physical foundations of the body, composed of the bones and movable and immovable joints
Skeletal system
external protective coating that covers the body; the body’s largest organ; acts as the barrier to protect the body systems from the outside elements; part of the integumentary system
Skin
also known as lesser occipital nerve; located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear
Smaller occipital nerve
capable of being dissolved or liquefied
Soluble
forms the sides of the eye socket
Sphenoid bone
portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, and is protected by the spinal column
Spinal cord
also known as breastbone; the flat bone that forms the ventral support of the ribs
Sternum
the muscle extending alongside of the neck from the ear to the collarbone; acts to rotate the head from side to side and up and down
Sternocleidomastoid
when muscles rotate, for example, in the forearm, the radius turns outward and the palm upward
Supinate
affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow, and upper eyelid
Supraorbital nerve
also known as general circulation; circulation of the blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart
Systemic circulation
bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region
Temporal bones
affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the cheek
Temporal nerve
temporal muscle; one of the muscles involved in mastication (chewing)
Temporalis muscle
male organs that produce the male hormone testosterone
Testes
also known as chest; consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae; elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs
Thorax
a gland located in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development, and maintenance of bone mass; needs iodine from the diet to function properly
Thyroid gland
collection of similar cells that perform a particular function
Tissue
muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back; stabilizes the scapula and shrugs the shoulders
Trapezius
also known as the depressor anguli oris; is the muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corners of the mouth
Triangularis
large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm
Triceps
chief sensory nerve of the face; serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing; consists of three branches: ophthalmic nerve, mandibular nerve, and the maxillary nerve
Trifacial (trigeminal) nerve
inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist on the side of the little finger
Ulna
a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand
Ulnar nerve
located in the abdominal cavity, a nerve of autonomic nervous system
Vagus nerve
thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; they contain cuplike valves to prevent backflow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart and lungs
Veins
small vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins; they collect blood from the capillaries and drain it into veins
Venules
perform the function of destroying disease-causing germs
White blood cells (WBC)
also known as malar bones or cheekbones; bones that form the prominence of the cheeks; the cheekbones
Zygomatic bones
affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek
Zygomatic nerve
consists of major and minor muscles extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth that elevates the lip, as in laughing
Zygomaticus
