Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
what is the function of the musculoskeletal system
support and stability
protection of internal organs
locomotion
production of blood cells
storage of calcium and other minerals
how many groups are the bones of the skeleton divided into
2
what are the two groups the bones of the skeleton are divided into
Axial
Appendicular
what bones are in the axial skeleton
skull
ribs
sternum
vertebral column
what bones are in the appendicular skeleton
shoulders
hips
upper/lower extremities
This system provides protection of internal organs and the body’s
framework and shape
Musculoskeletal system
The place where two or more bones come together.
A joint
Bones are classified according to their shapes. The femur
(thigh bone) is an example of this type of bone.
Long bone
A strong fibrous membrane which almost completely covers bones.
Periosteum
The soft tissue found in the epiphyses of bones, vital to the
production of blood cells.
Red marrow
Joints which are freely movable.
Synovial
The only bone in the skull which can move.
Mandible (lower jaw)
Relatively hard connective tissue that covers all parts of bones, in
contact within a joint.
Cartilage
Twelve pairs form a protective cage around organs in the thoracic
cavity.
Ribs
The largest strongest bone in the body.
The femur
The tough fibrous connective tissue which forms the outside
layer of a freely movable joint.
The capsule
The fixed point of attachment (of a muscle) to a bone, opposite
to the insertion.
Origin
The point of attachment (of a muscle) to the bone that it moves.
Insertion
A cord of tissue that connects muscles to bones.
Tendon
An internal organ controlled by involuntary muscles.
Alimentary canal
The type of muscles which move the bones.
Voluntary or skeletal muscles
The skin and its appendages–hair, nails, oil, and sweat glands–
make up this system.
Integumentary
A vital role of the skin. It also protects the underlying tissue from
injury and infection.
Maintaining normal body temperature
The outer layer of the skin consisting of several layers of
cornified dead cells that are constantly being rubbed off.
The epidermis
The tough layer of skin located below the epidermis, consisting
of connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibres.
The dermis
Derived from the same cells as skin, are clear and form a solid
plate.
Nails
Formed by the multiplication of cells at the base of its follicle.
Hair
Tubes in which hair grows, which is lined with epidermal cells.
Hair follicles
One of two types of glands located in the dermis. This gland
secretes an oily fluid called sebum.
Sebaceous gland
Glands which produce a secretion which is released onto the skin
through pores and hair follicles.
Sweat gland
Sensations perceived by sensory nerve receptors located under
the skin.
Cold, heat, pain, touch and pressure
The tissue directly beneath the dermis.
Subcutaneous
This network permeates the dermis and assists with the
regulation of body temperature.
Blood vessels and lymph vessels
These happen when involuntary muscles attached to hairs
contract, causing the hairs to “stand out” from the skin when we
are cold or afraid.
Goose pimples
Two body sites where the skin varies in thickness.
Eyelids and soles of feet
The fluid that circulates through the body carrying nutrients and oxygen
to the cells and carrying waste products away from cells for elimination.
Blood
The transparent fluid in which many important chemicals are dissolved
and in which are suspended red and white blood cells and platelets.
Plasma
Red blood cells which carry oxygen from the lungs to cells of the body.
Erythrocytes
White blood cells which help to prevent infection and diseases.
Leucocytes
Cells which assist the clotting process when injury occurs.
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Vessels that carry blood from the heart.
Arteries
Most arteries carry oxygenated blood, this is the exception.
Pulmonary artery
Arteries which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
Coronary arteries
Vessels that transport blood to the heart.
Veins
Most veins carry deoxygenated blood, these are the exceptions.
Pulmonary veins
The three systems referred to when considering blood circulation.
The pulmonary, systemic and portal
The circulation of blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the
lungs and back to the left atrium.
Pulmonary circulation
The circulation of blood from the left ventricle of the heart via the
aorta to all parts of the body.
Systemic circulation
Venous blood passes from the capillary bed of the digestive system,
via the capillary bed of the liver in this circulation system.
Portal circulation
Two membranous sacs which surround the heart.
Pericardium
The interior lining of the myocardium, which is continuous with the
lining of the blood vessels.
Endocardium
The two components of the central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Twelve pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and
the auto- nomic system make up this part of the nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system
The largest portion of the brain, divided into two hemispheres
and 4 lobes
Cerebrum
Group of cells in the cerebrum whose main function is to control
the release of pituitary hormones. It is connected to the pituitary
gland by nerve fibres and blood vessels
Hypothalamus
Covers the brain and spinal cord and has three layers
Meninges
The space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater.
Subdural (space)
The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater
Subarachnoid (space)
The watery fluid which surrounds the brain and spinal cord,
providing a protective cushion.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Sympathetic and parasympathetic are components of this part
of the nervous system.
Autonomic
Part of the autonomic system which prepares the body for
“fight and flight”.
Sympathetic nervous system
The firm, fibrous membrane forming the outermost layer of
the eye (white of the eye).
Sclera
The innermost light sensitive layer of the eye where receptors
(rods and cones) are located.
Retina
Nerve which transmits signals picked up by the retina to the brain
where they are interpreted.
Optic nerve
The segment of the interior of the eyeball which is further
divided into two chambers.
Anterior segment or section
A transparent jelly-like substance which fills the posterior
segment of the eyeball.
Vitreous humour (vitreous body)
A biconvex elastic body which alters its shape to focus light
on the retina
Lens
Part of the external ear. A tube along which sound waves are
transmitted, and cells produce wax.
External auditory canal
Three very small bones making up the ossicular chain, located
in the middle ear.
Malleus, incus and stapes
Located in the inner ear. Groups of cells in the cochlea that
are the true organs of hearing.
Organ of Corti
Closely associated with the cochlea, but has no connection
with hearing. These canals contribute to maintenance of balance.
Semi-circular canals
The gas which is drawn into the lungs where it is taken up
by the blood.
Oxygen
The gas which passes from the blood into the lungs to be
excreted.
Carbon dioxide
The process of taking oxygen from the air and transporting
it to individual body cells, and the subsequent transportation of
carbon dioxide from the cells back into the air
Respiration
A semi-rigid tube about 115 mm long, lined with mucous
membrane which has the ability to move particles upward.
Trachea
Major structures of the respiratory system.
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
The smallest branch of the bronchial tree.
Bronchiole
The air sacs where the gas exchange takes place.
Alveoli
The number of lobes in the right lung.
Three
The number of lobes in the left lung
Two
Encloses each lung within its two layered membranous sacs.
The pleura
A musculomembranous wall which separates the chest cavity
from the abdominal cavity, and acts as a bellows in breathing.
Diaphragm
Dense connective tissue which covers the articular
surfaces of bones.
Articular cartilage
Junction of two or more bones; a joint
Articulation
Dense connective tissue forming the skeleton. Long bones consist of
a diaphysis (compact bone with a central medullary canal) and two
epiphyses (compact bone with cancellous bone inside) whereas others
(short, irregular, flat and sesamoid) have a thin outer layer of compact
bone with cancellous bone inside.
Bone
Substance contained in the medullary canal of long bones and in the
cancellous tissue of all bone types.
Bone marrow
Spongy, lightweight, porous bone.
Cancellous bone
Muscle tissue not subject to control by human will but structurally
different from involuntary muscle. It is found exclusively in the
myocardium
Cardiac muscle
Tough connective tissue which serves as protection between
bones. It may also serve as attachment or support.
Cartilage
Hard, dense, less porous bone.
Compact bone
Skull bones which protect the brain
Cranium
Shaft of a long bone
Diaphysis
End of a long bone
Epiphysis
Long bone of the thigh which extends from hip to knee
Femur
A muscle not subject to control by conscious will
Involuntary muscle
Articulation
Joint
Fibrous sheath enclosing a synovial joint
Joint capsule
Patella
Kneecap
Band of fibrous tissue connecting bones forming a joint
Ligament
Act of moving from one place to another
Locomotion
Hollow in the centre of a long bone; contains bone
marrow.
Medullary canal
Junction of epiphysis with diaphysis in a long bone
Metaphysis
Tissue composed of fibres which have the ability to contract or shorten.
Muscle
The point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that it moves
Muscle insertion
The fixed point of attachment of a muscle to a bone opposite to the
insertion
Muscle origin
The structures which function to support the
body, protect internal organs, and allow locomotion.
Musculoskeletal system
Strong cord of fibrous tissue which connects the rectus
femoris muscle to the kneecap
Patellar tendon
Bony structure surrounding the pelvic cavity.
Pelvis
Double layer of connective tissue which covers bone
except at joints; inner layer can form new bone cells
Periosteum
A major muscle of the front of the thigh.
Rectus femoris muscle
Striated muscle which is attached to bone
Skeletal muscle
Bony framework of the body.
Skeleton
Involuntary muscle tissue which lacks cross-striations on microscopic
exam; found in areas such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory
tract, and uterus
Smooth muscle
Breastbone
Sternum
Any muscle whose fibres are divided into cross striations
Striated muscle
Lining of the joint capsule which secretes lubricating
synovial fluid.
Synovial membrane
Fibrous tissue structure which serves to connect muscle to
bone and other parts.
Tendon
Muscle under control of the conscious will.
Voluntary muscle
Lower tip of the sternum; composed of cartilage.
Xiphoid cartilage
More commonly known as the digestive system.
Gastrointestinal or alimentary
The whole digestive tract extending from the mouth to the anus.
Alimentary canal (or tract)
Where the physical digestive process starts.
Mouth
The three continuous parts comprising the small intestine
The duodenum, jejunum and the ileum
Glands which supply digestive enzymes and moisture in the mouth.
Salivary glands
A small “lid” which closes the trachea during the act of swallowing.
Epiglottis
A tube connecting pharynx with the stomach
Oesophagus
Waves of contractions, which move the food down the oesophagus
to the stomach
Peristalsis
A portion of the alimentary canal, where hydrochloric acid and
digestive enzymes act on food.
Stomach
Comprises three continuous parts and is about 7 metres long.
Small intestine
The sphincter which controls the flow of fluids from the ampulla
of Vater into the duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi
A reservoir for bile, which adds mucus and removes water.
Gall bladder
The largest gland in the body which has many functions connected
with digestion
Liver
A gland which secretes juice into the duodenum and also has an
endocrine function.
Pancreas
A continuation of the small bowel which absorbs water and some
chemicals from the digested food, creating faeces.
Large intestine
Two bean-shaped organs which filter blood and produce urine.
Kidneys
The system which filters waste products from the body by
forming urine.
Urinary
The location of the kidneys
Behind the abdominal cavity (retroperitoneal)
This waste product continually flows out of the kidneys into the
ureters.
Urine
A tube which extends down from each kidney and conveys urine
from the kidney to the bladder.
Ureter
A hollow muscular organ which acts as a reservoir for urine
Bladder
The canal leading from the bladder through which we urinate.
Urethra
The external opening of the urethra
Meatus
Thousands of small filters in the kidney which extract nitrogenous
waste.
Glomeruli
The gland through which the urethra courses in the male
Prostate gland
The wall in which the short female urethra is embedded.
Upper vagina
The balance of these in the body is maintained by kidney function
Fluids
The chief nitrogenous constituent of urine
Urea
Urea is the final product when this is metabolised
Protein
The system consists of glands widely separated from each other,
with no direct anatomical links.
Endocrine
The substances which endocrine glands create and secrete directly
into the blood and lymph circulation
Hormones
Endocrine gland situated in front of the trachea, which is
responsible for the control and rate of certain metabolic processes
Thyroid gland
The element stored in the thyroid gland necessary for the
production of thyroid hormones.
Iodine
Four small glands situated in the lobes of the thyroid gland,
whose primary function is to maintain normal blood calcium level.
Parathyroids
Two glands, each located on top of a kidney
Adrenals
One of the hormones released from the adrenal glands which
helps the body to respond to danger.
Adrenalin
Secreted by the adrenal glands these hormones are essential
to life.
Adrenal steroids
Special groups of cells in the pancreas which secrete hormones.
Islets of Langerhans (islet cells)
A hormone secreted by the Islets of Langerhans
Insulin
A gland in the brain which regulates the activity of most other
endocrine glands.
Pituitary
Two small glands in females which produce hormones
responsible for the development of female sex characteristics,
and normal cyclic changes of menstruation
Ovaries
Two hormones produced by the ovaries
Oestrogen and progesterone
Male sex glands situated in the scrotum
Testes
Produced in the testes, this steroid stimulates development
of male characteristics.
Testosterone
Pertaining to the skin
Cutaneous
Lower layer of skin; (also called corium)
Dermis
Superficial layer of skin
Epidermis
Tube-like structures in the dermal layer of skin which produce
hairs.
Hair follicles
Skin and its appendages – hair, nails, sweat glands,
oil glands and ducts.
Integumentary system
Glands which secrete oil
Sebaceous glands
Recognition of sensation such as pain, touch, pressure or temperature
change
Sensory perception
The body covering.
Skin
Largest artery in the body; arises out of the left ventricle of
the heart and courses down the body trunk.
Aorta
Curved portion of the aorta which courses upward then turns
downward behind the heart to form an arch.
Aortic arch
Distal end of the abdominal aorta at which
point the artery divides into the two common iliac arteries
Aortic bifurcation
Fibrous tissue flaps or leaflets which open and close between the
left ven- tricle and ascending aorta. Valve closure prevents backflow
(reflux) of blood into the heart.
Aortic valve
Elastic, extensible vessels which carry blood in the direction
away from the heart.
Arteries
