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A Level Pe Ocr Izyan > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint

A

an area Of the body where two or more bones articulate to create movement

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2
Q

What is a ligament

A

A tough band of elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

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3
Q

What is articular cartliage

A

Smooth tissue which covers surface of articulating bones to allow fiction free movement

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4
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Lubricating liquid within the joint cavity which reduces friction

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5
Q

Joint capsule

A

A fibrous sac that encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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6
Q

Bursa

A

A closed fluid filled sac that reduces friction between tendons and bones

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7
Q

Plane of movement

A

The description of three dimensional movements at a joint

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8
Q

What are the three planes of movement

A

1) Sagittal plane- divides the body in half into right and left parts
2) transverse plane- divides the body in half into top and bottom parts
3) frontal plane- divides the body in half into front and back parts

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9
Q

Movement patterns

A

A description of the actions taking place at a joint i.e flexion and extension

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10
Q

Types of movement in the sagittal plane

A

Flexion - decrease angle at the joint
Extension- increase angle at the joint
Dorsi flexion- pointing of toes in the upwards direction
Plantar flexion- pointing of toes towards the ground

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11
Q

Types of movement in the frontal plane

A

Abduction- movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body
Adduction- movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body

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12
Q

Types of movement in the transverse plane

A

Horizontal flexion- movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground
Horizontal extension- the movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground
Rotation- movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver motion

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13
Q

What is a tendon

A

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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14
Q

Agonist

A

The prime mover, the muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint

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15
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle that opposes the agonist to provide resistance for coordinated movement

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16
Q

Fixator

A

A muscle that stabilises one part of the body while the other creates movement

17
Q

Types of muscle contractions

A

Isotonic- changes the length of the muscle during contraction
Isotonic concentric- muscle shortens
Isotonic eccentric- muscle lengthens
Isometric contraction- when the muscle length stays the same during contraction

18
Q

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

A

Pain and stiffness caused in the muscles which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise

19
Q

Movement analysis

A

Analysis of the type of and cause of bodily movement
Which includes the following:
- joint type
- articulating bones
- movement pattern
- agonist and antagonist muscles
- type of contraction

20
Q

What is a motor neuron

A

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

21
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon

22
Q

Action potential

A

Positive electric charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

23
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

A chemical produced and secreted by a neurone which transmits a nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre

24
Q

All or none law

A

Depending on wether the stimulus is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all

25
Q

Types of muscle fibres

A

1) type1- slow oxidative
2) type 2a- fast oxidative glycolytic
3) type 2b- fast glycolytic

26
Q

Describe slow oxidative muscle fibres

A

Slow oxidative muscle fibres are rich in oxygen and store myoglobin, capillaries and mitochondria which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time.
Designed to work aerobically

27
Q

Describe fast glycolytic muscle fibres

A

Rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time.
Designed to work anaerobically

28
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart

29
Q

Systematic circuit

A

Circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and back to the heart by the vena cava

30
Q

What is oxygenated blood

A

Blood that is saturated with oxygen and glucose

31
Q

What is Deoxygenated blood

A

Blood that lacks oxygen, saturated by carbon dioxide and waste products

32
Q

Conduction system

A

A set of structures in the cardiac muscle which transmit an electrical impulse, forcing the atria and ventricles to contract

33
Q

Myogenic

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse which causes the cardiac muscle to contract

34
Q

First stage of the cardiac cycle

A

Diastole: the relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where the chambers fill with blood
- atria and ventricles relax and expand to draw blood into the atria
- pressure in the atria increases opening AV valves
- blood enters the ventricles
- SL valves are closed to prevent blood from leaving the heart

35
Q

Second stage of the cardiac cycle

A
36
Q

Venous return

A

The return of the blood to the right atria through the veins

37
Q

Formula for cardiac output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume
Heart rate- number of beats completed per minute
Stroke volume- volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

38
Q

Mechanisms of venous return

A

1) pocket valves
2) smooth muscle
3) gravity
4) muscle pump
5) respiratory pump

39
Q

Vascular shunt mechanism

A

Controls the redistribution of blood from one part of the body to the other

A Level Pe Ocr Izyan (2 decks)

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