Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What is a joint
an area Of the body where two or more bones articulate to create movement
What is a ligament
A tough band of elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
What is articular cartliage
Smooth tissue which covers surface of articulating bones to allow fiction free movement
Synovial fluid
Lubricating liquid within the joint cavity which reduces friction
Joint capsule
A fibrous sac that encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid
Bursa
A closed fluid filled sac that reduces friction between tendons and bones
Plane of movement
The description of three dimensional movements at a joint
What are the three planes of movement
1) Sagittal plane- divides the body in half into right and left parts
2) transverse plane- divides the body in half into top and bottom parts
3) frontal plane- divides the body in half into front and back parts
Movement patterns
A description of the actions taking place at a joint i.e flexion and extension
Types of movement in the sagittal plane
Flexion - decrease angle at the joint
Extension- increase angle at the joint
Dorsi flexion- pointing of toes in the upwards direction
Plantar flexion- pointing of toes towards the ground
Types of movement in the frontal plane
Abduction- movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body
Adduction- movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body
Types of movement in the transverse plane
Horizontal flexion- movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground
Horizontal extension- the movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground
Rotation- movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver motion
What is a tendon
A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Agonist
The prime mover, the muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint
Antagonist
A muscle that opposes the agonist to provide resistance for coordinated movement
Fixator
A muscle that stabilises one part of the body while the other creates movement
Types of muscle contractions
Isotonic- changes the length of the muscle during contraction
Isotonic concentric- muscle shortens
Isotonic eccentric- muscle lengthens
Isometric contraction- when the muscle length stays the same during contraction
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
Pain and stiffness caused in the muscles which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise
Movement analysis
Analysis of the type of and cause of bodily movement
Which includes the following:
- joint type
- articulating bones
- movement pattern
- agonist and antagonist muscles
- type of contraction
What is a motor neuron
A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres
Motor unit
A motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon
Action potential
Positive electric charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre
What is a neurotransmitter
A chemical produced and secreted by a neurone which transmits a nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre
All or none law
Depending on wether the stimulus is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all
Types of muscle fibres
1) type1- slow oxidative
2) type 2a- fast oxidative glycolytic
3) type 2b- fast glycolytic
Describe slow oxidative muscle fibres
Slow oxidative muscle fibres are rich in oxygen and store myoglobin, capillaries and mitochondria which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time.
Designed to work aerobically
Describe fast glycolytic muscle fibres
Rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time.
Designed to work anaerobically
Pulmonary circuit
Circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart
Systematic circuit
Circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and back to the heart by the vena cava
What is oxygenated blood
Blood that is saturated with oxygen and glucose
What is Deoxygenated blood
Blood that lacks oxygen, saturated by carbon dioxide and waste products
Conduction system
A set of structures in the cardiac muscle which transmit an electrical impulse, forcing the atria and ventricles to contract
Myogenic
The capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse which causes the cardiac muscle to contract
First stage of the cardiac cycle
Diastole: the relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where the chambers fill with blood
- atria and ventricles relax and expand to draw blood into the atria
- pressure in the atria increases opening AV valves
- blood enters the ventricles
- SL valves are closed to prevent blood from leaving the heart
Second stage of the cardiac cycle
Venous return
The return of the blood to the right atria through the veins
Formula for cardiac output
Heart rate x stroke volume
Heart rate- number of beats completed per minute
Stroke volume- volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
Mechanisms of venous return
1) pocket valves
2) smooth muscle
3) gravity
4) muscle pump
5) respiratory pump
Vascular shunt mechanism
Controls the redistribution of blood from one part of the body to the other
