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TEAS > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalic

A

Entire head

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2
Q

Cranial

A

Skull

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3
Q

Facial

A

Face

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4
Q

Cervial

A

Neck

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5
Q

Axillary

A

Armpits

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6
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

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7
Q

Anticubital

A

Front of elbow

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8
Q

Antibrachial

A

Forearm

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9
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

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10
Q

Palmar

A

Palm

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11
Q

Pollen

A

Thumb

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12
Q

Phalangeal

A

Fingers

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13
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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14
Q

Patella

A

Front of knee

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15
Q

Crural

A

Shin

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16
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

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17
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

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18
Q

Digital of phalangeal

A

Toes

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19
Q

Dorsal

A

Top of foot

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20
Q

Hallux

A

Big toe

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21
Q

Eternal

A

Breast bone

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22
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest

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23
Q

Mammary

A

Breast

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24
Q

Umbilical

A

Belly button- navel

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25
Q

Coxa

A

Hip

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26
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

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27
Q

Manuel

A

Hand

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28
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek

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29
Q

Otic

A

Ear

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30
Q

Ocular

A

Eye

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31
Q

Occipital

A

Base of skull

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32
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

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33
Q

Scapular

A

Shoulder blade

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34
Q

Vertebral

A

Spinal column

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35
Q

Dorsal

A

Back

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36
Q

Olecranal / cubital

A

Back of elbow

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37
Q

Lumbar

A

Loin

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38
Q

Sacral

A

Between hips

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39
Q

Coccygeal

A

Tailbone

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40
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttocks

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41
Q

Perineal

A

Area between anus and genitals

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42
Q

Popliteal

A

Back of knee

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43
Q

Sural

A

Calf

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44
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of foot

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45
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heel

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46
Q

Superior

A

Above

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47
Q

Interior

A

Below

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48
Q

Medial

A

Closer to midline

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49
Q

Lateral

A

Further from midline

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50
Q

Posterior

A

Behind

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51
Q

Anterior

A

In front

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52
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to main body

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53
Q

Distal

A

Further from the main body

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54
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

A

The purpose is to mediate the uptake of oxygen needed for metabolism and the release of carbon dioxide

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55
Q

Ventilation

A

The process of exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide in the lungs

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56
Q

What is the first step of the respiratory system?

A

Air enters through the nasal openings

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57
Q

What is the second step of the respiratory system?

A

Air moves into the nasal cavity

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58
Q

What is the third step of the respiratory system?

A

Travels past the pharynx into the trachea

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59
Q

Trachea

A

The throat

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60
Q

What is the fourth step of the respiratory system?

A

The air continues into the right and left primary bronchi

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61
Q

Primary bronchi

A

The first division of the trachea

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62
Q

What is the fifth step of the respiratory system?

A

Air in the right bronchus goes to the right lung and left bronchus to left lung

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63
Q

What is the sixth step of the respiratory system?

A

The bronchi subdivide into bronchioles which terminate as aveolies

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64
Q

Bronchiolles

A

Small tubes in the lungs

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65
Q

Aveolies

A

Single-celled thin wall structures

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65
Q

Aveolies

A

Single-celled thin wall structures

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66
Q

What is the purpose of aveolies?

A

They are the site of gas exchange

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67
Q

What is the first step of diffusion in the lungs?

A

First, oxygen in the lungs moves into the blood

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68
Q

What is the second step of diffusion in the lungs?

A

Second, carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the lungs

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69
Q

What is the third step of diffusion in the lungs?

A

Third, lungs exhale the CO2 back into the atmosphere and the system repeats

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70
Q

What is the third step in diffusion in the lungs?

A

Third, lungs exhale the co2 back into the atmosphere and the system repeats

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71
Q

What factors can impact the respiratory system?

A

Environmental factors ( air qualify, lifestyle habits) genetics (asthma, cystic fibrosis) and pathogens (Flu, tuberculosis)

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72
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

To perform the functions of transporting nutrients, hormones, and wastes

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73
Q

What are the two systems within the cardiovascular system?

A

The closed circulatory system and the open circulatory system

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74
Q

What type of system is the closed circulatory system?

A

A double - loop system

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75
Q

What are the two components of the double-loop closed circulatory system?

A

The pulmonary system and the systemic system

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76
Q

What is the job of the systemic system in the cardiovascular system?

A

It carries oxygenated well blood from the left ventricle to the body as as return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

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77
Q

What is the job Is the job of the pulmonary system in the cardiovascular system?

A

It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the atrium

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78
Q

Atrium

A

Upper chambers of the heart

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79
Q

What is the purpose of the open circulators system?

A

It drains interstitial fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and fitters this through a system of lymphnodes

80
Q

Systole contraction

A

Contraction of heart muscles

81
Q

Diastole contraction

A

Relaxation of heart muscles

82
Q

What is the first step of the blood cycle?

A

First, the blood begins in the left ventricle

83
Q

What is the second step of the blood cycle?

A

Then, the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins

84
Q

What is the third step of the blood cycle?

A

Then, deoxygenated blood enters through the right atrium or right ventricle

85
Q

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

A

To digest nutrients to be absorbed and used throughout the body

86
Q

What is the first step of the digestive system?

A

Food is ingested through the mouth where mechanical digestion begins

87
Q

What is the second step of the digestive system?

A

Food is packaged into small parcels (bolus) and swallowed

88
Q

What is the third step of the digestive system?

A

Once in the stomach digestion continues

89
Q

What type of muscle is the stomach made up of?

A

Smooth muscle

90
Q

What are the 3 main stomach secretions?

A

Mucus, hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen

91
Q

Job of mucus

A

Lines the stomach

92
Q

Job of hydrochionic acid

A

Create an acidic environment

93
Q

Job of pepsinogen

A

Enzyme used to chemically break down food, converted from pepsin

94
Q

What is the Fourth step of the digestive system?

A

Chyme is pushed to the small intestine

94
Q

What is the Fourth step of the digestive system?

A

Chyme is pushed to the small intestine

95
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of small intestine

96
Q

Purpose of duodenum

A

Chyme is neutralized by the bicarbonate pancreatic secretions while also producing proteases, lactase, and bicarbonate

97
Q

What is the purpose of villi and microvilli?

A

Absorb water-soluble nutrients into blood, lipids into lacteals, and vitamin b12

98
Q

What is the fifth step of the digestive system?

A

Blood carrying nutrients passes to the liver through the hepatic portal duct

99
Q

Why is the hepatic portal duct important?

A

It allows liver enzymes to dominate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolize consumed toxins, and store glucose as glycogen

100
Q

What is the sixth step of the digestive system?

A

Digested material passes into the cecum and into the colon

101
Q

Colon

A

Large intestine

102
Q

What is the purpose of the colon?

A

Absorbs remaining salt and water from digested food and vitamin k is absorbed

103
Q

What is the seventh step of the digestive system?

A

The waste accumulates in the rectum and is ejected through the anus

104
Q

Hormones involved in digestion

A

Ghrelin,lepton, insulin and glucagon

105
Q

Purpose of ghrelin

A

Induces hunger

106
Q

Purpose of lepton

A

Causes sensation of satiety

107
Q

Purpose of insulin

A

Cellular uptake of glucose

108
Q

Purpose of glucagon

A

Stimulates breakdown glycogen

109
Q

Two nervous systems within the main nervous system?

A

Central and peripheral

110
Q

Parts and purpose of the central nervous system?

A

Made of the brain and spinal cord and is the central command for all communication and actions in the body

111
Q

Parts and purpose of the peripheral nervous system

A

Contains all the nerves and ganglia which allows signals to reach the brain

112
Q

Purpose of neuron

A

Transmit signals from the central nervous system

113
Q

Afferente neurons

A

Send messages to the central nervous system about sensory information (touch, smell, pain)

114
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Sends messages to muscles (motoric activity)

115
Q

Autonomic

A

Involuntary

116
Q

Somatic

A

Voluntary

117
Q

Atomic nervous system

A

Controls involuntary actions involving cardiac and smooth muscles

118
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls voluntary actions involving skeletal muscle like walking, and typing

119
Q

Skeletal system

A

Often attached to bone

120
Q

Purpose of skeletal muscle

A

Involved in the movement of bone

121
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Found in the heart, cannot be controlled, involuntary

122
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle

A

Found in walls of hollow organs, weakest of all muscle tissue, involuntary

123
Q

How many muscles are named in the body?

A

700

124
Q

Muscles make up _% of a persons body weight?

A

They make up 50%

125
Q

Tendon

A

Tough bands of connective tissue that have strong collagen fibers

126
Q

How does a tendon work

A

Muscles contract and shorten their length which pulls on a tendon and moves the bones closer to one another

127
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments of protein contained in muscles

128
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments of protein contained in muscles

129
Q

Male gametes

A

Sperm

130
Q

Components of the male reproductive system

A

Penis, vas deferns, urethra, prostate, seminal vesicles, testes, scrotum

131
Q

Primary reproductive organ in the male reproductive system

A

Testes

132
Q

Female gametes

A

Ova (eggs)

133
Q

Components of female reproductive system

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, labia, minora and labia majora, clitoris

134
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

135
Q

Endometrium

A

Uteran wall

136
Q

Lh

A

Luteinizing hormone, testosterone increase in males

137
Q

Fsh

A

Follicle stimulating hormone, increased estrogen in females

138
Q

How does the endocrine system connect to the reproductive system?

A

Endocrine system releases gonadotropin- releasing hormone, which is released by the hypothalamus and causes the presence of lh and fsh

139
Q

Components of integumentary system

A

Skin, hair, and nails

140
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of skin

141
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce and distribute melanocytes

142
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Dead cells on the outside

143
Q

Dermis

A

Middle layer of skin

144
Q

Components of dermis

A

Collagen, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings

145
Q

Subcutaneous/ hypodermis

A

Inner layer of skin

146
Q

How does the integumentary system protect?

A

Epidermis provides a barrier between outside pathogens

147
Q

Skin prevents the body from ______ due to rapid cell division

A

Drying out

148
Q

How does the integumentary system excrete?

A

Through glands. Water, minerals, sodium, chloride, and magnesium

149
Q

How does the integumentary system allow interaction with the environment

A

Through nerve endings

150
Q

Homeostasis of the integumentary system

A

If the body gets too want it’ll sweat. If body gets too cold blood vessels constrict and the body will shiver

151
Q

Glands

A

Specific type of organ that secretes hormones into the blood to target and affect other organs

152
Q

Pineal gland

A

Located in the middle of the brain and secretes melatonin

153
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Located below the hypothalamus

154
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid

A

Located in neck

155
Q

Adrenal

A

On top of each kidney

156
Q

Organs involved in the endocrine system

A

Pancreas, ovaries, testes, hypothalamus

157
Q

Functions of the endocrine system

A

Release of epinephrine, and activation of the neuroendocine system

158
Q

Epinephrine

A

Stress hormone

159
Q

Hormone imbalance can cause…

A

Diabetes, hyperthyroidism, gigantism

160
Q

Components of the urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

161
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer layer of kidney which contains blood vessels

162
Q

Renal medulla

A

Part of the kidney concentrated on urine regulation

163
Q

Ureters

A

Carry urine from kidney to urinary bladder

164
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Red blood all production hormone in renal medulla

165
Q

Function of kidneys

A

Filter blood, create urine, stabilize water balance, maintain blood pressure, and produce active vitamin k

166
Q

Nephron

A

Structural/functional unit of the kidney

167
Q

Urinary systems relationship with the cardiovascular system

A

Kidneys secrete hormones which constrict and open blood vessels to fluctuate blood pressure as needed

168
Q

How does blood from the heart get to the kidneys

A

Through the renal artery

169
Q

Purpose of the immune system

A

Protect the body from disease-causing agents (pathogens)

170
Q

Systems within the immune system

A

Innate defense system and adaptive defense system

171
Q

Innate defense system has a_____ response to pathogens

A

Nonspecific

172
Q

What are the 3 lines of defense in the innate defense system?

A

First, skin, mucus, secretions, next phagocytes specific proteins and inflammatory response finally, the adaptive immune system

173
Q

Phagocytes

A

White blood cells

174
Q

APC

A

Antigen- presenting cell (macrophages)

175
Q

Adaptive defense system is ______ to a given pathogen

A

Specific

176
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T and B cells (functional cells)

177
Q

Cellular response

A

Destroys the infected cell

178
Q

Hormonal response

A

Destroys pathogens in the body

179
Q

How does the adaptive defense system fight pathogens?

A

Lymphocytes such as B cells and some T cells can fight the pathogen and retain a memory of it next time it comes around

180
Q

Helper T cells

A

Determine whether B cells or cytotoxic T cell is released

181
Q

Cytokines become…

A

Cytotoxic T cells

182
Q

Plasma cells carry…

A

B cells

183
Q

Allergies are an example of…

A

An overactive immune system

184
Q

An example of passive immunity

A

Vaccines

185
Q

Pathology of HIV

A

Prevents helper T cells from activating cytotoxic T and B cells and prevents adaptive immune system from operating

186
Q

Purpose of the skeletal system

A

Leverage for muscles to pull for movement and provides protection for delicate organs

187
Q

Purpose of bones

A

To synthesize blood, and immune cells plus store calcium phosphate and lipids

188
Q

4 types of bones

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

189
Q

Components of long bones

A

Longer length than width, mostly in arms and legs and growth plates

190
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Stores lipids

191
Q

Red marrow @ end of long bone

A

Site of blood cell production

192
Q

Components of short bones

A

Same width and length some examples are wrists and ankles

193
Q

Components of flat bones

A

Thin and flat to protect vital organs (example: ribs) also contains red blood marrow

194
Q

Components of irregular bones

A

Hip bones and vertebrae’s

195
Q

Matrix

A

Nonliving substance of bone

196
Q

Joints

A

Places where bones meet one another

197
Q

Ligaments

A

Attached bones

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