Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Cephalic
Entire head
Cranial
Skull
Facial
Face
Cervial
Neck
Axillary
Armpits
Brachial
Arm
Anticubital
Front of elbow
Antibrachial
Forearm
Carpal
Wrist
Palmar
Palm
Pollen
Thumb
Phalangeal
Fingers
Femoral
Thigh
Patella
Front of knee
Crural
Shin
Pedal
Foot
Tarsal
Ankle
Digital of phalangeal
Toes
Dorsal
Top of foot
Hallux
Big toe
Eternal
Breast bone
Thoracic
Chest
Mammary
Breast
Umbilical
Belly button- navel
Coxa
Hip
Inguinal
Groin
Manuel
Hand
Buccal
Cheek
Otic
Ear
Ocular
Eye
Occipital
Base of skull
Acromial
Shoulder
Scapular
Shoulder blade
Vertebral
Spinal column
Dorsal
Back
Olecranal / cubital
Back of elbow
Lumbar
Loin
Sacral
Between hips
Coccygeal
Tailbone
Gluteal
Buttocks
Perineal
Area between anus and genitals
Popliteal
Back of knee
Sural
Calf
Plantar
Sole of foot
Calcaneal
Heel
Superior
Above
Interior
Below
Medial
Closer to midline
Lateral
Further from midline
Posterior
Behind
Anterior
In front
Proximal
Closer to main body
Distal
Further from the main body
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
The purpose is to mediate the uptake of oxygen needed for metabolism and the release of carbon dioxide
Ventilation
The process of exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide in the lungs
What is the first step of the respiratory system?
Air enters through the nasal openings
What is the second step of the respiratory system?
Air moves into the nasal cavity
What is the third step of the respiratory system?
Travels past the pharynx into the trachea
Trachea
The throat
What is the fourth step of the respiratory system?
The air continues into the right and left primary bronchi
Primary bronchi
The first division of the trachea
What is the fifth step of the respiratory system?
Air in the right bronchus goes to the right lung and left bronchus to left lung
What is the sixth step of the respiratory system?
The bronchi subdivide into bronchioles which terminate as aveolies
Bronchiolles
Small tubes in the lungs
Aveolies
Single-celled thin wall structures
Aveolies
Single-celled thin wall structures
What is the purpose of aveolies?
They are the site of gas exchange
What is the first step of diffusion in the lungs?
First, oxygen in the lungs moves into the blood
What is the second step of diffusion in the lungs?
Second, carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the lungs
What is the third step of diffusion in the lungs?
Third, lungs exhale the CO2 back into the atmosphere and the system repeats
What is the third step in diffusion in the lungs?
Third, lungs exhale the co2 back into the atmosphere and the system repeats
What factors can impact the respiratory system?
Environmental factors ( air qualify, lifestyle habits) genetics (asthma, cystic fibrosis) and pathogens (Flu, tuberculosis)
What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?
To perform the functions of transporting nutrients, hormones, and wastes
What are the two systems within the cardiovascular system?
The closed circulatory system and the open circulatory system
What type of system is the closed circulatory system?
A double - loop system
What are the two components of the double-loop closed circulatory system?
The pulmonary system and the systemic system
What is the job of the systemic system in the cardiovascular system?
It carries oxygenated well blood from the left ventricle to the body as as return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
What is the job Is the job of the pulmonary system in the cardiovascular system?
It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the atrium
Atrium
Upper chambers of the heart
What is the purpose of the open circulators system?
It drains interstitial fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and fitters this through a system of lymphnodes
Systole contraction
Contraction of heart muscles
Diastole contraction
Relaxation of heart muscles
What is the first step of the blood cycle?
First, the blood begins in the left ventricle
What is the second step of the blood cycle?
Then, the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins
What is the third step of the blood cycle?
Then, deoxygenated blood enters through the right atrium or right ventricle
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
To digest nutrients to be absorbed and used throughout the body
What is the first step of the digestive system?
Food is ingested through the mouth where mechanical digestion begins
What is the second step of the digestive system?
Food is packaged into small parcels (bolus) and swallowed
What is the third step of the digestive system?
Once in the stomach digestion continues
What type of muscle is the stomach made up of?
Smooth muscle
What are the 3 main stomach secretions?
Mucus, hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen
Job of mucus
Lines the stomach
Job of hydrochionic acid
Create an acidic environment
Job of pepsinogen
Enzyme used to chemically break down food, converted from pepsin
What is the Fourth step of the digestive system?
Chyme is pushed to the small intestine
What is the Fourth step of the digestive system?
Chyme is pushed to the small intestine
Duodenum
First part of small intestine
Purpose of duodenum
Chyme is neutralized by the bicarbonate pancreatic secretions while also producing proteases, lactase, and bicarbonate
What is the purpose of villi and microvilli?
Absorb water-soluble nutrients into blood, lipids into lacteals, and vitamin b12
What is the fifth step of the digestive system?
Blood carrying nutrients passes to the liver through the hepatic portal duct
Why is the hepatic portal duct important?
It allows liver enzymes to dominate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolize consumed toxins, and store glucose as glycogen
What is the sixth step of the digestive system?
Digested material passes into the cecum and into the colon
Colon
Large intestine
What is the purpose of the colon?
Absorbs remaining salt and water from digested food and vitamin k is absorbed
What is the seventh step of the digestive system?
The waste accumulates in the rectum and is ejected through the anus
Hormones involved in digestion
Ghrelin,lepton, insulin and glucagon
Purpose of ghrelin
Induces hunger
Purpose of lepton
Causes sensation of satiety
Purpose of insulin
Cellular uptake of glucose
Purpose of glucagon
Stimulates breakdown glycogen
Two nervous systems within the main nervous system?
Central and peripheral
Parts and purpose of the central nervous system?
Made of the brain and spinal cord and is the central command for all communication and actions in the body
Parts and purpose of the peripheral nervous system
Contains all the nerves and ganglia which allows signals to reach the brain
Purpose of neuron
Transmit signals from the central nervous system
Afferente neurons
Send messages to the central nervous system about sensory information (touch, smell, pain)
Efferent neurons
Sends messages to muscles (motoric activity)
Autonomic
Involuntary
Somatic
Voluntary
Atomic nervous system
Controls involuntary actions involving cardiac and smooth muscles
Somatic nervous system
Controls voluntary actions involving skeletal muscle like walking, and typing
Skeletal system
Often attached to bone
Purpose of skeletal muscle
Involved in the movement of bone
Characteristics of cardiac muscle
Found in the heart, cannot be controlled, involuntary
Characteristics of smooth muscle
Found in walls of hollow organs, weakest of all muscle tissue, involuntary
How many muscles are named in the body?
700
Muscles make up _% of a persons body weight?
They make up 50%
Tendon
Tough bands of connective tissue that have strong collagen fibers
How does a tendon work
Muscles contract and shorten their length which pulls on a tendon and moves the bones closer to one another
Actin
Thin filaments of protein contained in muscles
Myosin
Thick filaments of protein contained in muscles
Male gametes
Sperm
Components of the male reproductive system
Penis, vas deferns, urethra, prostate, seminal vesicles, testes, scrotum
Primary reproductive organ in the male reproductive system
Testes
Female gametes
Ova (eggs)
Components of female reproductive system
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, labia, minora and labia majora, clitoris
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Endometrium
Uteran wall
Lh
Luteinizing hormone, testosterone increase in males
Fsh
Follicle stimulating hormone, increased estrogen in females
How does the endocrine system connect to the reproductive system?
Endocrine system releases gonadotropin- releasing hormone, which is released by the hypothalamus and causes the presence of lh and fsh
Components of integumentary system
Skin, hair, and nails
Epidermis
Outer layer of skin
Melanocytes
Produce and distribute melanocytes
What is the epidermis made of?
Dead cells on the outside
Dermis
Middle layer of skin
Components of dermis
Collagen, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings
Subcutaneous/ hypodermis
Inner layer of skin
How does the integumentary system protect?
Epidermis provides a barrier between outside pathogens
Skin prevents the body from ______ due to rapid cell division
Drying out
How does the integumentary system excrete?
Through glands. Water, minerals, sodium, chloride, and magnesium
How does the integumentary system allow interaction with the environment
Through nerve endings
Homeostasis of the integumentary system
If the body gets too want it’ll sweat. If body gets too cold blood vessels constrict and the body will shiver
Glands
Specific type of organ that secretes hormones into the blood to target and affect other organs
Pineal gland
Located in the middle of the brain and secretes melatonin
Pituitary gland
Located below the hypothalamus
Thyroid and parathyroid
Located in neck
Adrenal
On top of each kidney
Organs involved in the endocrine system
Pancreas, ovaries, testes, hypothalamus
Functions of the endocrine system
Release of epinephrine, and activation of the neuroendocine system
Epinephrine
Stress hormone
Hormone imbalance can cause…
Diabetes, hyperthyroidism, gigantism
Components of the urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Renal cortex
Outer layer of kidney which contains blood vessels
Renal medulla
Part of the kidney concentrated on urine regulation
Ureters
Carry urine from kidney to urinary bladder
Erythropoietin
Red blood all production hormone in renal medulla
Function of kidneys
Filter blood, create urine, stabilize water balance, maintain blood pressure, and produce active vitamin k
Nephron
Structural/functional unit of the kidney
Urinary systems relationship with the cardiovascular system
Kidneys secrete hormones which constrict and open blood vessels to fluctuate blood pressure as needed
How does blood from the heart get to the kidneys
Through the renal artery
Purpose of the immune system
Protect the body from disease-causing agents (pathogens)
Systems within the immune system
Innate defense system and adaptive defense system
Innate defense system has a_____ response to pathogens
Nonspecific
What are the 3 lines of defense in the innate defense system?
First, skin, mucus, secretions, next phagocytes specific proteins and inflammatory response finally, the adaptive immune system
Phagocytes
White blood cells
APC
Antigen- presenting cell (macrophages)
Adaptive defense system is ______ to a given pathogen
Specific
Lymphocytes
T and B cells (functional cells)
Cellular response
Destroys the infected cell
Hormonal response
Destroys pathogens in the body
How does the adaptive defense system fight pathogens?
Lymphocytes such as B cells and some T cells can fight the pathogen and retain a memory of it next time it comes around
Helper T cells
Determine whether B cells or cytotoxic T cell is released
Cytokines become…
Cytotoxic T cells
Plasma cells carry…
B cells
Allergies are an example of…
An overactive immune system
An example of passive immunity
Vaccines
Pathology of HIV
Prevents helper T cells from activating cytotoxic T and B cells and prevents adaptive immune system from operating
Purpose of the skeletal system
Leverage for muscles to pull for movement and provides protection for delicate organs
Purpose of bones
To synthesize blood, and immune cells plus store calcium phosphate and lipids
4 types of bones
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
Components of long bones
Longer length than width, mostly in arms and legs and growth plates
Yellow bone marrow
Stores lipids
Red marrow @ end of long bone
Site of blood cell production
Components of short bones
Same width and length some examples are wrists and ankles
Components of flat bones
Thin and flat to protect vital organs (example: ribs) also contains red blood marrow
Components of irregular bones
Hip bones and vertebrae’s
Matrix
Nonliving substance of bone
Joints
Places where bones meet one another
Ligaments
Attached bones
