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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

A 
HYPOTHALMUS
PITUITARY 
THYROID
PARATHYROID
PANCREAS
ADRENALS
OVARIES AND TESTES
PINEAL BODY

HPTPPAOP PPPPHATO

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2
Q

A SPECIFIC CELL WITH SPECIFIC RECEPTORS THAT RESPOND TO SPECIFIC HORMONES

EXAMPLE: TSH FOR THYROID GLAND AND ONLY THYROID.

A

TARGET CELLS

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3
Q

HORMONES WITHIN THE BODY ARE SOLUABLE IN WHAT 2 WAYS?

A

WATER AND LIPID

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4
Q

HOW MANY RECEPTORS DO A TARGET CELL CARRY FOR THEIR PARTICULAR HORMONES.

A

2000 TO 100,000 RECEPTORS FOR A PARTICULAR HORMONE.

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5
Q

STEROID HORMONES
THYROID HORMONES
NITRIC OXIDE

THESE HORMONES ARE EXAMPLES OF WHAT SOLUABLE TYPE

A

LIPID SOLUABLE

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6
Q

AMINO ACIDS LIKE ADH AND INSULIN

THESE HORMONES ARE SOLUABLE BY MEANS OF…..

A

WATER SOLUABLE HORMONES

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7
Q

THIS GLAND IS THE “MASTER GLAND” OF THE PITUITARY

-SECRETES UP TO NINE HORMONES

A

HYPOTHALMUS

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8
Q

THE PITUITARY GLAND SECRETES HOW MANY HORMONES?

A

7

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9
Q

THIS STRUCTURE ATTACHES THE PITUITARY GLAND TO THE HYPOTHALMUS

WITHIN THIS STRUCTURE, BLOOD VESSELS CALLED HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL VEINS CONNECT CAPILLARIES IN THE HYPOTHALMUS TO THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY

A

INFUNDIBULUM

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10
Q

HORMONE IN CHARGE OF RELEASING FSH AND LH

A

GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE

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11
Q

STIMULATES HGH AND IGF

A

GROWTH HORMONE

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12
Q

INHIBITS GHG AND IGF

A

GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE

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13
Q

STIMULATES TSH

A

THYROIID RELEASING HORMONE

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14
Q

STIMULATES PR

A

PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE

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15
Q

INHIBITS PR

A

PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE

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16
Q

STIMULATES ACTH

A

CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE

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17
Q

THIS GLAND CONTAINS 2 LOBES

  • ANTERIOR
  • POSTERIOR

THEY REST IN THE HYPOPHYSEAL FOSSA, A CUP SHAPED DEPRESSION IN THE SPHENOID BONE

A

PITUITARY GLAND

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18
Q

A HORMONE THAT STIMULATES AN ENDOCRINE GLAND TO GROW AND SECRETE IT’S HORMONES

A

TROPIC HORMONES

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19
Q

THIS HORMONE

PROMOTES SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF INSULIN GROWTH FACTORS (IGF)

STIMULATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
MAINTAIN MUSCLE AND BONE MASS
PROMOTE HEALING OF INJUT AND TISSUE REPAIR
ENHANCE BREAKDOWN OF TRIGLYCERIDES

A

HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH)

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20
Q

HGH MAINTAINS BLOOD CONCENTRATION VIA THIS LOOP

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

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21
Q

THESE TWO HYPOTHALMIC HORMONES CONTROL THE SECRETION OF HGH?

A

GH-RELEASING
GH-INHIBITIING

BOTH DEAL WITH LOW OR HIGHER THAN NORMAL BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS.

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22
Q

THIS HORMONE FROM THE HYPOTHALMUS CONTROLS TSH SECRETION

A

THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH)

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23
Q

FSH PLAYS WHAT ROLE FOR FEMALES?

A

INITIATES DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLE

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24
Q

FSH HAS WHAT FUNCTION IN REGARDS TO MALES?

A

STIMULATES SPERM PRODUCTION

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25
Q

LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) HAS WHAT SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR FEMALES?

A
  • TRIGGERS OVULATION

- STIMULATES FORMATION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM IN THE OVARY AND THE SECRETION OF PROGESTERONE BY THE CORPUS LUTEUM

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26
Q

LUTEINIZING HORMONES CARRY OUT WHAT EFFECTS WITH MALES

A

STIMULATES TESTES TO SECRETE TESTOSTERONE

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27
Q

THIS HORMONE OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND HELPS INITIATE THE PRODUCTION OF MILK IN THE MAMMARY GLANDS

DUE TO HIGH LEVELS OF ESTROGEN DURING PREGNANCY

A

PROLACTIN

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28
Q

THIS HORMONE CONTROLS PRODUCTION OAND SECRETION OF HORMONES CALLED GLUCOCORTICOIDS BY THE CORTEX OF THE ADRENAL GLAND?

A

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)

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29
Q

ACTH CONTROLS PRODUCTION/SECRETION OF HORMONES CALLED GLYCOCORTICOIDS

A

ADRENOCORTICOTROPCI HORMONE

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30
Q

THIS HORMONE IS VERY LITTLE IN HUMANS AND TOO MUCH HAVE TENDENCY TO HAVE DARKENING OF THE SKIN?

A

MELANOCYTE STIMULATIING HORMONE

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31
Q

THIS ASPECT OF THE PITUITARY GLAND CONTAINS AXONS AND AXON TERMINALS OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS WHOSE CELL BODIES ARE IN THE HYPOTHALMUS.

DOES NOT SYNTHESIZE HORMONES

RELEASES TWO HORMONES.

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

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32
Q

WHAT 2 HORMONES DO THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLANDS RELEASE?

A

OXYTOCIN

ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE

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33
Q

THIS HORMONE PRODUCED BY THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND:

IS RELEASED JUST BEFORE CHILD BIRTH TO TO ENHANCE CONTRACTIONS

STIMULATES EJECTION OF MILK FOR BREASTFED INFANTS

A

OXYTOCIN

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34
Q

THIS HORMONE SECRETED BY THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:

  • DECREASES URINE OUTPUT
  • CAUSES THE KIDNEYS TO RETAIN MORE WATER
  • DECREASES WATER LOST WHILE SWEATING
  • CAUSES CONSTRICITON OF THE ARTERIOLES
A

ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE

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35
Q

IN THE ABSCENCE OF ADH A NORMAL URINE OUTPUT OF 1-2 LITERS PER DAY WOULD INCREASE TO HOW MUCH?

A

APPROXIMATELY 20 LITERS

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36
Q

FUNCTION OF THE THYROID GLAND?

A

THE FUNCTION OF THE THYROID GLAND IS TO RUN THE BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)

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37
Q

THE RATE AT WHICH THE BODY USES ENERGY WHILE AT REST TO KEEP VITAL FUNCTIONS GOING SUCH AS:

  • BREATHING
  • HEART BEAT
  • THERMOGENESIS
A

BASAL METABOLIC RATE

38
Q

SHAPE OF THE THYROID GLAND

A

BUTTERFLY SHAPED

39
Q

THYROID GLAND IS SEPARATED ON THESE ASPECTS OF THE TRACHEA

A

LEFT AND RIGHT LOBES

40
Q

SPHERICAL SACS THAT MAKE UP MOST OF THE THYROID GLAND

A

THYROID FOLLICLES

41
Q

EACH THYROID FOLLICLE CONSISTS OF CELLS CALLED

A

FOLLICULAR CELLS

42
Q

FOLLICULAR CELLS WITHIN THE THYROID FOLLICLES OF THE THYROID GLAND PRODUCE THESE 2 HORMONES

A

THYROXINE (T4)

TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)

43
Q

OF THE TWO HORMONES T3 AND T4 THAT ARE PRODUCED BY FOLLICULAR CELLS WITHIN THE THYROID FOLLICLES, WHICH ONE IS THE MORE ABUNDANT HORMONE?

44
Q

THYROID HORMONE PLAYS A ROLE IN WHAT FACTORS WITHIN THE BODY?

A

INCREASING BASAL METABOLIC RATE

BODY TEMPERATURE

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

USE OF GLUCOSE AND FATTY ACIDS FOR ATP.

BREAKING DOWN TRIGLYCERIDES AND ENHANCE CHOLESTEROL EXCRETION .

45
Q

THYROID HORMONE WORKS WITH INSULIN AND HGH TO STIMULATE WHAT FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY?

A

STIMULATE BODY GROWTH PARTICULARLY THE NERVOUS AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS.

46
Q

THIS IS PRODUCED BY PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS OF THE THYROID GLAND.

DECREASES THE LEVEL OF CALCIUM IN THE BLOOD BY INHIBITING THE ACTION OF OSEOCLASTS.

A

CALCITRONIN

47
Q

SMALL ROUND MASSES OF GLANDULAR TISSUE THAT PARTIALLY EMBEDDED IN THE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE THYROID GLAND.

A

PARATHYROID GLAND

48
Q

THESES CELLS ARE WITHIN THE PARATHYROID GLAND THAT HELP PRODUCED PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

A

CHIEF CELLS

49
Q

MAJOR REGULATING HORMONE OF THE LEVELS OF CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND PHOSPHATE IONS IN BLOOD.

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE

50
Q

INCREASES THE NUMBER AND ACTIVITY OF OSTEOCLASTS, WHICH BREAK DOWN BONE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND RELEASE CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE INTO THE BLOOD.

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

51
Q

THIS HORMONE PRODUCES 3 CHANGES IN THE KIDNEY?

  1. SLOWS RATE OF CALCIUM EXCRETION FROM BLOOD TO URINE
  2. INCREASES EXCRETION OF PHOSPHATE FROM BLOOD TO URINE.
  3. PROMOTES FORMATION OF THE HORMONE CALCITROL (VITAMIN D)
A

PARATHYROID HORMONE

PTH

52
Q

FLATTEND ORGAN LOCATED IN THE CURVE OF THE DUODENUM

HAS BOTH ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE FUNCTIONS

53
Q

PARTS OF THE PANCREAS THAT CONSIST OF CLUSTERS OF CELLS CALLED…..

A

PANCREATIC ISLETS OR ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

54
Q

THIS CELL WITHIN THE PANCREATIC ISLET SECRETES GLUCAGON

A

ALPHA CELLS

55
Q

THIS PANCREATIC ISLET CELL HELPS SECRETE THE HORMONE INSULIN

56
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN ACTION OF THE HORMONE GLUCAGON?

A

TO INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS WHEN IT FALLS BELOW NORMAL

57
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN ACTION OF INSULIN?

A

AIDS IN GLUCOSE BEING MOVED INTO CELLS SUCH AS MUSCLE FIBERS.

THIS IN TURN WILL ALSO LOWER BLOOD SUGAR.

58
Q

THIS HORMONE IS VERY IMPORTANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH AND REPAIR OF BODY CELLS

THIS HORMONE AIDS IN THE UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS INTO THE BODY CELLS AND INCREASES THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN AND FATTY ACID WITHIN THE CELLS.

59
Q

THE ADRENAL GLANDS LIE ATOP WHICH TWO ORGANS.

A

THE KIDNEYS

60
Q

WITHIN THE ADRENAL CORTEX….

WHICH OF THE 3 ZONES DEAS WITH RELEASE OF MINERALCORTICOIDS ?

A

ZONA GLOMERULOA

61
Q

THIS ZONE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX….

RELEASES HORMONES CALLED GLUCOCORTICOIDS BECAUSE THEY AFFECT GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASI

A

ZONA FASCICULATA

62
Q

THE INNER ZONE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX THAT RELEASES MALE AND FEMALE SPECIFIC SEX HORMONES.

A

ZONA RETICULARIS

63
Q

INNER MOST REGION OF THE ADRENAL GLAND CONSISTING OF SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC CELS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A

ADRENAL MEDULLA

64
Q

WITHIN THE ADRENAL CORTEX, WHAT IS THE MAJOR MINERAL CORTICOID THAT REGULATES SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM IONS. INCREASES THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM AND EXCRETION OF POTASSIUM

A

ALDOSTERONE

65
Q

SECRETION OF ALDOSTERONE OCCURS AS PART OF THIS PATHWAY

A

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE PATHWAY

66
Q

WHAT CONDITIONS INITIATE THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIS-ALDOSTERONE PATHWAY

A
  • DEHYDRATION
  • SODIUM DEFICIENCY
  • HEMORRHAGE
67
Q

THE HORMONE THATS SECRETED BY THE LIVER TO AID IN BLOOD PRESSURE

68
Q

AS BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH THE LUNGS IT STIMULATES THIS ENZYME

THEN CONVERTS ANGIOTENSIN I TO THIS AND IN TURN HELPS PRODUCE THIS TO LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE

A

ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME

ANGIOTENSIN 1 TO 2 WHICH HITS ADRENAL CORTEX AND PRODUCES ALDOSTERONE.

69
Q

THE MOST ABUNDANT GLUCOCORTICOID IN THE ADRENAL CORTEX?

70
Q

PROTEIN BREAKDOWN
GLUCOSE FORMATION
BREAKDOWN OF TRIGLYCERIDES
ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS.

THIS HORMONE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX DOES ALL OF THESE

A

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

71
Q

ANDROGENS PRODUCED FOR FEMALES FROM THE ZONA RETICULARIS AID IN WHAT FOR WOMEN?

A

LIBIDO AND CONVERSION TO ESTROGENS

PUBIC HAIR FORMATION

GROWTH SPURTS

72
Q

THE ADRENAL MEDULLA SECRETES THESE TWO HORMONES WHEN THE HYPOTHALMUS STIMULATES SYMPATHETIC NEURONS.

A

EPI AND NOR EPI

73
Q

EPI AND NOR EPI AID IN SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE HOW?

A

INCREASE FLOW OF BLOOD TO THE HEART, LIVER, SKELETAL MUSCLE,, AND ADIPOSE TISSUE.

HELPS THE BODY RESIST STRESS.

74
Q

ORGANS THAT PRODUCE GAMETS- WHICH ARE SPERM IN MALES AND OOCYTES AND WOMEN.

75
Q

FEMALE GONADS THAT PRODUCE ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

76
Q

LIST SOME FUNCTIONS OF FEMALE SEX HORMONES

A

REGULATE MENSES
MAINTAIN PREGNANCY
PREPARE MAMMARY GLANDS
ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN BODY SHAPE

77
Q

THIS PROTEIN HORMONE PRODUCED BY THE OVARIES INHIBITS THE SECRETION OF FSH

78
Q

THIS PEPTIDE HORMONE PRODUCED BY FEMALE OVARIES AND THE PLACENTA DURING PREGNANCY INCREASES THE FLEXABILITY OF THE SYMPHYSIS AND HELPS DILATE THE UTERINE CERVIX

79
Q

PRIMARY ANDROGEN OF THE MALE

A

TESTOSTERONEQ

80
Q

REGULATES SPERM AND STIMULATES THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF MASCULINE CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS BEARD GROWTH AND DEEPER VOICE

A

TESTOSTERONE

81
Q

THE MALE TESTIS PRODUCE INHIBIN VIA THIS CELL

82
Q

THIS GLAND IS SMALL AND ATTACHED AT THE ROOF OF THE 3RD VENTRICLE OF THE BRAIN AT MIDLINE

PRODUCES MELATONIN

A

PINEAL GLAND

83
Q

THIS HORMONE SECRETED BY THE PINEAL GLAND THAT DEALS WITH THE BODIES BIOLOGICAL CLOCK.

84
Q

AS WE AGE:

WHAT HAPPENS TO GROWTH HORMONE

A

DECREASES AND MAY BE A CAUSE FOR ATROPHY

85
Q

AS WE AGE:

WHAT HAPPENS TO THYROID HORMONE?

A

DECREASES CAUSING DECREASE IN METABOLIC RATE , INCREASED BODY FAT AND HYPOTHYROIDISM

86
Q

AS WE AGE:

WHAT HAPPENS WITH OUR INSULIN?

A

RELEASED SLOWER AND BLOOD GLUCOSE INCREASES FASTER.

87
Q

AS WOMEN AGE:

WHAT HAPPENS TO THEIR ESTROGEN AND WHAT COULD THAT EFFECT?

A

DECREASES CAUSING WEIGHT GAIN, OSTEOPOROSIS, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, CHOLESTEROL AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS

88
Q

ANY STIMULUS THAT PRODUCES A STRESS RESPONSE

89
Q

A SEQUENCE OF BODILY CHANGES THAT CAN PROGRESS THROUGH STAGES

A

STRESS RESPONSE

90
Q

1ST STAGE STRESS RESPONSE

-INITIATED BY NERVES IN THE HYPOTHALMUS TO THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

INTIAL FLIGHT OR FIGHT

91
Q

DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE TO STRESSORS. THE BODY BRINGS HUGE AMOUNTS OF OXYGEN AND GLUCOSE TO

A

BRAIN, SKELETAL MUSCLE AND THE HEART

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (2 decks)

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