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Animal Care Level 2 Apprenticeship > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the left atrioventricular valve in the heart called?

A

Mitral valve (Bicuspid)

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2
Q

What is the right atrioventricular valve in the heart called?

A

Tricuspid valve

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3
Q

What is the normal resp rate for canines?

A

10-30 breaths

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4
Q

What is the normal pulse rate for canines?

A

70-140 beats/minutes

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5
Q

What is the normal temperature range for canines?

A

38.3 - 39.2 °C

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6
Q

What is the normal resp rate for felines?

A

20-30 breaths/minute

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7
Q

What is the normal pulse rate for felines?

A

100-200 beats/minute

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8
Q

What is the normal temperature range for felines?

A

38.2 - 38.6°C

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9
Q

What is the normal resp rate for rabbits?

A

30-60 breaths/minute

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10
Q

What is the normal pulse rate for rabbits?

A

130-325 beats/minute

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11
Q

What is the normal temperature range for rabbits?

A

38.5 - 40°C

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12
Q

What is the normal urine output for rabbits?

A

12-24ml/kg/day

0.5-1ml/kg/hour

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13
Q

What is the normal urine output for canines and felines?

A

24-48ml/kg/day

1-2ml/kg/hour

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14
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • pumps blood around body
  • oxygen/nutrient reach muscles/organs
  • waste products can be expelled from the body
  • regulate body fluids and temp
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15
Q

What is the correct term for a platelet?

A

Thrombocyte

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16
Q

Which area of the heart has the thickest walls?

A

Left ventricle

- to pump blood around whole body

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17
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

Oxytocin

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18
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
Follicle stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Luteinising hormone
Interstitial-cell-stimulating hormone
Prolactin
Somatotropin
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19
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)

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20
Q

What has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

Pancreas

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21
Q

What is the gap between two neurons called?

A

Synapse

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22
Q

Where does a nerve impulse enter the social cord?

A

Through dorsal root

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23
Q

What is meant by the term synapse?

A
  • junction between 2 neurons

- small gap a nerve impulse is transmitted across via chemical neurotransmitter

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24
Q

Which glands contain ducts?

A

Exocrine glands

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25
Q

Where are ribosomes made in the cell?

A

Nucleolus

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26
Q

Where would transitional epithelium be found?

A

Bladder and uterus

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27
Q

What is the lining of the abdominal cavity called?

A

Peritoneum

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28
Q

What is the area that separates the two sides of the thoracic cavity?

A

Mediastinum

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29
Q

Which organelle breaks down waste products in the cell?

A

Lysosome

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30
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A

Epithelial - protects
Connective - binds
Muscle - moves
Nervous - conveys

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31
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple - 1 cell thick

Striated/compound - many layers

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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33
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A
  • attached to the skeleton
  • assists with movement
  • is voluntary, controlled by brain
  • cells are cylindrical, called muscle fibres
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34
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A
  • located in stomach, intestines, oesophagus, bladder, blood vessels, resp tract, uterus
  • spindle shaped cells in sheets or bundles
  • involuntart
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35
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A
  • only found in heart
  • not voluntary
  • not much connective tissue binding cells together
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36
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support - internal scaffold’ body is built on
Locomotion - attachment for muscles that enable movement
Protection - protects organs and soft parts of the body
Storage - acts as a store for essential minerals calcium and phosphorus as well as organic compounds collagen
Haemopoiesis - production of red blood cells by bone marrow

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37
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum

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38
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

Front limbs and shoulder

Hind limbs and pelvis

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39
Q

What does the splanchnic skeleton consist of?

A

Bones not directly attached to the rest of the skeleton (os penis)

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40
Q

What is the cranium?

A

The bony casing in which the brain sits

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41
Q

What is the mandible?

A
  • lower half of the jaw
  • separated into left and right halves
  • provides sockets for teeth to sit in
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42
Q

What is the long and narrow skull type called?

A

Dolichocephalic

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43
Q

What is the short broad and flat skull type called?

A

Brachycephalic

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44
Q

Which skull type has changed the least from dog ancestors wolves?

A

Mesocephalic

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45
Q

What is the directional term for towards the rear end of the body?

A

Caudal

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46
Q

What is the directional term for towards the front end of the body?

A

Cranial

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47
Q

What is the directional term for top side (back) of the body?

A

Dorsal

48
Q

What is the directional term for the underside (belly) of the body?

A

Ventral

49
Q

What is the directional term for away from main body?

A

Distal

50
Q

What is the directional term for close to the main body?

A

Proximal

51
Q

What is the directional term for towards the nose?

A

Rostral

52
Q

What is the directional term for middle of the body?

A

Medial

53
Q

What is the directional term for side of the body?

A

Lateral

54
Q

What is the directional term for towards the ears?

A

Caudal

55
Q

What is the name for the C1 vertebra?

A

Atlas

56
Q

What is the name for the C2 vertebra?

A

Axis

57
Q

What is another name for caudal vertebrae?

A

Coccygeal vertebrae

58
Q

What bones make up the fore limbs?

A 
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Humerus 
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges
59
Q

What bones make up the hind limbs?

A 
Pelvis
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
60
Q

What is the point of the elbow called?

A

Olecranon

61
Q

What is the point of the hock called?

A

Calcaneus

62
Q

What is the cranial end of the sternum called?

A

Manubrium

63
Q

What is the caudal end of the sternum called?

A

Xiphoid

64
Q

What is the name for the knee cap?

A

Patella

65
Q

What is the pelvis also known as?

A

Os coxae

66
Q

Which bones make up the pelvis?

A
  • 2 hip bones fused together
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
67
Q

What is the name for the 2 holes in the pelvis?

A

Obturator foramen

68
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

Continuous layer of epithelium that produces a lubricating fluid

69
Q

What is parietal membrane?

A

Membrane that lines boundaries of the cavity

70
Q

What is visceral membrane?

A

Membrane that covers the organs in the cavity

71
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A
  • surrounds cell
  • gives round shape
  • semi-permeable to control movement of substances in + out
72
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A
  • 80% water
  • 20% fats, carbs + mineral salts
  • suspends organelles
73
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • largest organelle

- information centre of the cell

74
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Produces ribosomes

75
Q

What is the function of Chromatin?

A
  • contains DNA
  • information for protein synthesis
  • instructions on how cell functions
76
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A
  • keeps genetic material inside

- allowes ribosomes to enter cytoplasm

77
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A
  • responsible for cellular respiration

- converts food energy to stored energy the cell can use

78
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Synthesises proteins for cell growth and repair

79
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Transports proteins made by ribosomes

80
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesises + transports lipids + steroids

81
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Stores enzymes for transport out of the cell

82
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Contains digestive enzymes to digest cellular material

83
Q

What is the function of the centrosome?

A
  • contains a pair of centrioles

- involved in cell division

84
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Storage of food, water and waste

85
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A
  • extensions of membrane on some cells

- move mucus and debris

86
Q

What is the function of the flagellum?

A
  • usually single
  • longer than cilia
  • move cell along
  • seen in sperm cells and bacteria
87
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a cell?

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoskeleton (holds structure)
  • nucleus
88
Q

What are cells continuously doing?

A
  • grow
  • specialise
  • function
  • die
  • replenish
89
Q

Where would simple squamous epithelial cells be found?

A
  • areas of diffusion
  • delicate areas
  • lungs
90
Q

Where would simple cuboidal epithelial cells be found?

A
  • lining glands and their ducts
  • absorb and secrete
  • ovaries, thyroid gland
91
Q

Where would simple columnar epithelial cells be found?

A
  • stomach and intestine

- allows absorption of nutrients

92
Q

Where would ciliated epithelium be found?

A
  • areas where substances need to be moved
  • respiratory tract
  • fallopian tubes
  • always columnar
93
Q

Where would stratified squamous epithelial cells be found?

A
  • areas subjected to friction

- oesophagus, mouth and vagina

94
Q

Where would glandular epithelium be found?

A
  • sweat glands
  • mammary glands
  • anal glands
  • contain secretory cells
95
Q

What are incisors?

A
  • small pointed teeth

- fine nibbling and grooming

96
Q

What are canines?

A
  • pointed + curved teeth

- used for holding prey in mouth

97
Q

What are premolars?

A
  • flatter teeth

- shearing and grinding food

98
Q

What are molars?

A
  • larger than premolars

- also shearing and grinding food

99
Q

From rostral to caudal, name the teeth found in the oral cavity.

A
  • incisors
  • canines
  • premolars
  • carnassials
  • molars
100
Q

What is the pharynx?

A
  • muscular tube

- conveys food from mouth to oesophagus through deglutition (swallowing)

101
Q

What are the stages of deglutition?

A
  • food rolled into bolus by tongue, cheeks and teeth (mastication)
  • passed to back of mouth by base of tongue
  • pharageal muscles force bolus towards oesophagus
  • epiglottis closes to prevent food entering respiratory tract
  • wave of muscular contraction (peristalsis) pushes food down oesophagus
  • epiglottis opens again to allow air into the trachea
102
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A
  • tube like structure runs down neck and through thoracic cavity
  • enters abdominal cavity via hole in diaphragm
  • enters stomach via cardia
103
Q

What is the cardia?

A

Area where oesophagus enters stomach

104
Q

What is the fundus?

A

Body of the stomach?

105
Q

What is the pylorus?

A

Stomach narrows and food passes into small intestines

106
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A
  • food storage
  • break up food and mix with gastric juices
  • begin process of protein digestion
107
Q

What do goblet cells secrete in the stomach?

A

Mucus to lubricate food and protect stomach wall from digestive enzymes

108
Q

What do parietal cells secrete in the stomach?

A

Hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens

109
Q

What do chief cells secrete in the stomach?

A

Pepsinogen breaks down proteins to peptides

110
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestines?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
111
Q

What are the 3 parts of the large intestine?

A
  • caecum
  • colon
  • rectum
112
Q

What is the function of the small intestines?

A
  • epithelial layer contains millions of villi to increase surface area and maximise digestive and absorptive processes
  • glucose is absorbed and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
113
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • shorter and wider than small intestine
  • water and electrolytes are reabsorbed
  • no villi or digestive glands
  • more goblet cells to lubricate faecal mass
  • lots of bacteria to break down remaining protein
114
Q

What is the name for the area where the small intestine meets the large intestine?

A

Ileocaecal junction

115
Q

What are the 3 parts of the colon?

A
  • ascending
  • transverse
  • descending
116
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • remove waste products from body in form of urine
  • regulate water and sodium levels in blood
  • converts fat soluble vitamin D to water soluble
  • secretes hormone erythropoietin that stimulates production of red blood cells

Animal Care Level 2 Apprenticeship (9 decks)

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