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Paramedic Transition > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Membrane

A

The outer covering that encircles and protects.

  • Like the skin on a grape or a tomato
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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

____________ is the thick, viscous fluid that fills and gives shape to the cell.

-Like the meat of the grape or tomato

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3
Q

Tissues

A

_____________ are group of cells that perform a similar function.

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4
Q

The three main tissues (Covered in PowerPoint)

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Muscle Tissue
  3. Connective Tissue
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5
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Lines the interior and exterior body surfaces and protects the body.

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6
Q

Epithelial tissue specialized functions

A

(SADF)

  • Secretion
  • Absorption
  • Diffusion
  • Filtration
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7
Q

Muscle Tissue functions

A

(FUM)
Form
Upright
Movement

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8
Q

The three types of Muscle tissue

A

skeletal, smooth (organ), cardiac(heart)

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9
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Supports, Connects, & Insulates

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10
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Bone
Cartilage
Fat
Blood

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11
Q

Bone

A
  • Known for its SUPPORT
  • Provides connection via Ligaments
  • Provides insulation

NOTES:

  • Think cooking chicken on a rotisserie vs. a grill
  • A grill cooks outside in
  • A rotisserie heats up the bone, cooks from inside out as well as outside in
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12
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Known for its CONNECTION
  • But does provide support (try walking with torn cartilage in your leg)
  • Provides some insulation

NOTES:
•Along with skin and fat, adds a layer of heat retention to the body

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13
Q

Fat

A
  • Best known for its Insulation
  • Does provide some weak support (i.e. beer belly)
  • Encircles organs connecting other tissues
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14
Q

Blood

A

-Best known for its connection
•Road Network of the body
-Also provides some support as arteries dilate and constrict
-Provides insulation by circulating warm blood to maintain body temp.
•Like pipes carrying hot water to heat a house

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15
Q

Organ

A

An ______ is a group of tissues functioning together.

Examples: Heart, Lungs

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16
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs working together is an ____________ ______________.

Examples: Cardiovascular, Respiratory

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17
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

Controls all basic bodily functions, and responds to external changes.

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18
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

Parallels spinal cord Controls exocrine glands, blood vessels, viscera, and external genitalia.

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19
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Provides a complete network of motor and sensory nerve fibers connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

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20
Q

Endocrine system (Endo-internal/within

A

Secrete and deliver hormones directly into the circulatory system.
(Fed Ex of the body)

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21
Q

Exocrine system (Exo-External)

A

Exocrine glands secrete substances onto the epithelial tissue via ducts.
(ducts are dedicated pathways like a fire lane or bike path)
Examples: Sweat, saliva, tears, mucus

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22
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s natural tendency to keep the internal environment steady and in a normal range
(think of it as your body’s thermostat)
¤Pulse 60-100
¤ Respirations 12-20
¤ pH (acidity), Na (Sodium), and Water are other examples

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23
Q

intracellular fluid

A

The cytoplasm found inside the cells.
•Think of a bunch of grapes
•Each grape is an individual cell
•Homeostasis is key: 75% of fluid in the cell
•Too little fluid in the cells = Dehydration (think of a grape shriveling into a raisin)
•Too much fluid in the cells = Edema as the cell membrane bursts, spilling the contents causing the surrounding tissue to swell (think of overfilling a water balloon)

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24
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Found OUTSIDE the cells

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25
Q

The two types of extracellular fluid

A
  • Intravascular fluid (PLASMA)

- Interstitial fluid

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26
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

_____________ ________ is the thin fluid found in the spaces between all other cells in the body

27
Q

Intravascular fluid (PLASMA)

A

__________________ ________ is the liquid portion of blood within the blood vessels

•Plasma separates the Red Blood Cells, Platelets, and White Blood Cells

28
Q

Homeostasis matters (notes that helps to understand homeostasis)

A
  • Think of a jello salad with fruit inside
  • The “fruit” is the cytoplasm or intracellular fluid, very thick & dense (concentrated in a small space)
  • The “jello” is extracellular fluid, very thin by comparison
  • Oxygen & nutrients need to pass through thin extracellular fluid easily in order to reach the cells
  • If the “jello” is too thick, oxygen is trapped in the interstitial spaces because it can’t reach the cells (Example: pulmonary edema)
29
Q

What happens if fluid volume drops?

A

-cells are dehydrated)
•Pituitary Gland secretes ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)
•Kidneys reabsorbs H20 into blood & decreases urine output
•Thirst causes us to increase our intake of water

30
Q

What happens if we intake too much water?

A

-(cells about to burst):
•Body starts to shift excess fluid into interstitial spaces
•Edema or swelling results when the fluid becomes trapped
•The intravascular spaces (blood vessels) fill with fluid, increasing not only blood pressure but also urination

31
Q

Salt

A

Water follows ________

32
Q

Causes of Dehydration

A
  • Diarrhea, vomit
  • Increased temperature: Fever, environment
  • Sweating
  • Internal losses (edema)
  • Excess fluid pools in the interstitial spaces
  • Plasma losses (burn victims)
  • Skin Damage allows plasma to evaporate instead of remaining in the blood vessels
33
Q

Water

A

_______ the universal solvent.

34
Q

Solvent

A

is a substance in which another substance

35
Q

Solute

A

A substance that will dissolve.

-can be liquid or solid, as along as it dissolves!

36
Q

Solution

A

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.
Examples:
-Water=Solvent, Salt=Solute, Salt Water= Solution
-Water=Solvent, Lemon Mix=Solute, Lemonade =Solution
-Plasma=Solvent, Red Blood Cells=Solute, Blood= Solution

37
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of a substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. (like farting)

Examples:
•2 glasses of lemonade, one weak, one strong:
•Add more lemon powder to the weak one until both are equal
•We move the solute to equalize the solution
•Example: Oxygen diffuses into the cell

38
Q

Osmosis

A

is the movement of WATER from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration
(like watering down a strong drink)

Examples:
•2 glasses of lemonade, one strong, one weak:
•Add more water to the strong one until both are equal
•We move the solvent to equalize the solution
•Example: Water moves by osmosis out of a cell about to burst

39
Q

active transport

A

The rapid movement of a substance across the cell membrane
•Occurs faster than diffusion
• REQUIRES energy to make it happen

  • Example: Passing gas silently (diffusion) vs. bearing down forcefully (active transport)
  • Example: Air Freshener Diffuser (diffusion).
40
Q

facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

A

Some molecules can only cross the cell membrane with “helper proteins.”

  • Glucose can’t enter the cell on its own (no key)
  • Insulin (has the key) carries glucose into cells
  • Depending on the substance, this may or may not require extra energy.
41
Q

Components of blood

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

42
Q

Plasma (intravascular fluid)

A

Thick, pale yellow fluid that makes up the liquid part of the blood

(54% of blood by volume)

43
Q

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

A

Also known as erythrocytes, contain hemoglobin molecules that transport oxygen.

(45% of blood by volume)

44
Q

White Blood Cells (WBD)

A

Also known as leukocytes, circulate through the bloodstream and tissues, providing protection from foreign invasion.

(< 1% of blood volume)

45
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A

Responsible for blood clotting.

< 1% of blood volume

46
Q

The three structures of the head that cover the brain

A
  1. Scalp (Skin)
  2. Skull (Bone)
  3. Meninges (Padding)
    - Cover and absorb shocks
47
Q

“Meninges P.A.D. the brain”

A

Pia Mater (tender) , Arachnoid Space, Dura Mater (tough, DURA-ble)

48
Q

The Cranium is made of how many bones?

A

4 bones

49
Q

The Face is made of how many bones?

A

14 bones

50
Q

Foreman Magnum

A

the opening at base of skull to allow brain to connect to spinal cord.

51
Q

Muscles of Breathing

A 
•Diaphragm is primary muscle.
•Also involved are:
-Intercostal muscles
-Abdominal muscles
-Pectoral muscles
52
Q

Inhalation

A

the diaphragm and intercoastal muscles contract.

53
Q

Exhalation

A

the diaphragm and the intercoastal muscle relax.

54
Q

Turbinates

A

•The nasal cavity bony projections

  • Think of the turbine engines because they cause airflow (when you breath & when you sneeze)
  • This causes any foreign substances to be “blown” or deposited on the mucous membrane.
  • These are the reason we insert the NPA with the bevel towards the septum.
55
Q

mucous membrane

A

•Has its own blood supply
•Helps warm, filter, & humidify air
•Cilia:
-Little whip-like hair that catch foreign particles
-Pushes them to the Pharynx to be swallowed (so they do not enter the lungs)

56
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • A leaf shaped cartilage

- Prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing

57
Q

Vallecula

A
  • A recess in front of the epiglottis

- Plays an important role in intubation

58
Q

Vocal chords

A
  • Controls voice & speech by changing shape & vibrating to produce different pitches
  • Can also close to prevent Aspiration
  • The space between the cords is the GLOTTIC OPENING into the trachea)
59
Q

Trachea

A
  • Contains cilia & mucus
  • The mucus traps any other unfiltered foreign materials & the cilia pushes it up & out to where it can be swallowed into the esophagus
60
Q

Carina

A

The point that divides the trachea into right & left main stem bronchi

61
Q

Larynx

A
  • Joins the pharynx with the trachea
  • Includes the Thyroid cartilage or Adam’s Apple & the Cricoid Cartilage
  • The membrane between is the CRICOTHYROID MEMBRANE
62
Q

Alveoli

A
  • Most oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs here

* The alveoli are hollow, but have a thin membrane that surrounds them

63
Q

Surfactant

A

•To keep the hollow alveoli from collapsing we have a chemical called __________

  • It decreases the surface tension so it won’t completely close between respirations
  • Otherwise, they might stick together & not reopen

Paramedic Transition (1 decks)

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