Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 1. > Anatomy and Physiology 1 Exam 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology 1 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of form and structure, form/structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of function of the body parts, function/explain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye, uses microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The two more microscope anatomy subdivisions are?

A

cytology and histology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cytology

A

cellular anatomy, is the study of body cells and their internal sturctures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Histology

A

is the stufy of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

macroscopic anatomy, is the study of structures visible to the unaided eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 3 characteristics describe living things?

A

organization, metabolism, regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two things that metabolism consist of ?

A

anabolism and catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

anabolism

A

small molecules joined to form larger ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

catabolism

A

large molecules broken down to smaller ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

regulation

A

is the organisms ability to adjust internal bodily function is response to enviromental changes (homeostasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Homeostatis

A

ability to maintain body structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the levels of organization in the human body from simplest to complex?

A

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the chemical level?

A

simplest level, and is involves atoms(smaller units of matter) and molecules, which forms cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is cellular level?

A

Consist of cells, the smallest living structures, cells exhibit the characteristics of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 11 organ systems in the human body?

A

NICER DRUMS + L, Nervous, Integumentary, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Reproductive, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Muscular, Skeletal, and Lymphatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

it provides protection, prevents water loss and gain, synthesizes vitamin D, releases secreations, regulates body temperature, and houses sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

provides support and protection, site of hematopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcuim and phosphorus, provides sites for ligament and muscle attachments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the muscular system?

A

provides body movement, generates heat when muscles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

a regulatory system that responds to sensory stimuli, and controls muscles and some glands. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is homeostatis?

A

the bodies ability to maintain a relatively stable (steady state) internal enviroment in response to changes in either internal or external enviromental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 3 components of homeostatic systems?

A

receptor, control center, effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

receptor

A

detects stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

control center

A

intercepts input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

effector

A

is the structure that brings about a change to the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the order of homeostatic control mechanisms?

A

stimulus > receptor > control center > effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

are initiated by either an increase or a decrease in the stimulus, and the end ressult is to return the stimulus to within its normal range or set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Most feedback mechanisms in the human body work by?

A

negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

One example of negative feedback is temperature regulation, how does it work?

A

body temperature drops, sensory receptors detect and signal hypothalamus, hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

they are initiated by a stimulus and they maintain or increase the activity of the original stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens during positive feedback?

A

a stimulus is reinforced to continue moving variable in the same direction until a climate event occurs, then the body returns to homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A good example of postive feedback is breastfeeding, how does it work?

A

sensory detectors detectbaby suckling, messsage is transmitted to the hypothalamus, hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release the hormone oxytocin, oxytocin stimulates the mammary glands to eject breast milk, cycle repeats as long as the baby suckles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the order of breastfeeding ?

A

stimulus/ suckling, receptor/ sensory receptors in the breast, control center/ hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release oxytocin, effector/ breast ejects milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

an atom

A

is the smallest particle that exhibts the chemical properties of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

protons

A

positive charge of one (+1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

neutrons

A

no charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

electrons

A

negative charge of one (-1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

average atomic mass

A

is the mass of both protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the atomic number?

A

it is the number of protons in an atom of the element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

how much do electrons weigh?

A

1/1800th of the mass of a proton/neutron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is an isotope

A

it is the atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but differ in the number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

isotopes have identical _____ but different _____

A

chemical, atomic masses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is an ion?

A

it is an charged atom that is either positively charged or negatively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Ions are produced by the gain or loss of only what?

A

electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are cations

A

they are positively charged ions that are formed by the loss of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are anions

A

they are negatively charged ions that are formed by the gain of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

they are electrostatic attractions between positively charged cations and negatively charges anions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How are covalent bonds formed?

A

they are formed from sharing electrons between atoms of two or more elements, they are formed when atoms share eletrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How are single covalent bonds formed?

A

it is formed by sharing one pair of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

how are double covalent bonds formed?

A

it is formed by sharing one pair of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

how are triple covalent bonds formed

A

it is formed by 3 pairs of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

When do nonpolar covalent bonds occur?

A

they occur when the two atoms share electrons equally, as occurs between atoms of the same element, or almost equally as occurs when hydrogen bonds to carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

When do polar covalent bonds occur?

A

they occur between atoms of different elements that share electrons unequally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Nonpolar molecules include the molecules composed of non polar bonds

A

O-O and C-H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Polar molecules generally include those molecules composed predominantly of polar bonds

A

O-H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How do hydrogen bonds occur?

A

they occur betweeen polar molecules and the attraction between partially positively charged hydrogen atoms and partially negatively charged atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Hydrogen bonds are indivually ____ and collectively ____

A

weak, strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Hydrogen influences what?

A

how water behaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what is cohesion (Co=together,manually)?

A

the attraction between water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what is surface tension?

A

it is the inward pull of water molecules at the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what is adhesion?

A

it is the attraction of water molecules for substances other than water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

How does water help maintain a normal body temp.?

A

it helps from the waters high specific heat and high heat of vaporization (it takes energy to break down hydrogen bonds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

pH is the measure of what?

A

it is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration [H+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

solutions with equal concentrations of H+ and OH- are

A

neutral, have pH of 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

solutions with greater H+ than OH- are

A

acidic, pH < 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

solutions with greater OH- than H+ are

A

basic (alkaline), have a pH>7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

The pH scale represents a 10 fold change in H+ concentration between two adjacent whole number pH values

A

a pH of 6 has 10 times more acidic concentration in it then pH 7 water, visa versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what is the biological macromolecules?

A

they are large organic molecules that are synthesized by the human body

71
Q

what are the 6 elements that compose macromolecules?

A

CHONPS carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfer

72
Q

what are the four major classes of organic biological macromolecules?

A

lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, protiens

73
Q

what are the four major classes of biomolecules exist as polymers? (lipids are not polymers)

A

complex carbohydrates, nucleic acids, protiens

74
Q

complex carbohydrates contain

A

sugar monomers

75
Q

nucleic acids contain

A

nucleotide monomers

76
Q

protien contain

A

amino acid monomers

77
Q

what are lipids?

A

they are a very diverse group of fatty like water - insoluble molecules that include 4 primary classes

78
Q

what are the 4 primary classes of lipids?

A

PETS, phospholipids, eicosanoids, triglycerides, steriods

79
Q

triglycerides are the most common form of lipid in?

A

living things

80
Q

triglycerides are

A

most common form of lipid in human bodies, gernally used for long term energy storage, structional support cushioning, and insulation

81
Q

what are the 2 classes of f nucleic acids?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (dna), ribonucleic acid (rna)

82
Q

DNA and RNA are both polymers formed form what?

A

nucleotide monomers

83
Q

DNA is how many strands?

A

double stranded nucliec acids

84
Q

RNA has how many strands?

A

single standard nucleic acid

85
Q

what are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

A

sugar: 5 carbon pentose (ribose), phosphate group (attached to the sugar), and nitrogenous base

86
Q

proteins are polymers that differ

A

in the number and sequence of 20 different amino acid monomers arranged in a unique linear sequence

87
Q

What are the two classes of energy?

A

potential and kinetic

88
Q

what is potential energy?

A

is the energy of position or stored energy

89
Q

Kinetic Energy?

A

is the energy of motion

90
Q

decomposition reactions (catabolism)

A

hydrolysis (AB –> A+B), and exergonic reactions (energy released)

91
Q

synthesis reactions (all anabolism)

A

dehydration sythesis (A+B –>AB), endergonic reactions (energy supplied)

92
Q

OIL

A

oxidation is lose (of e-)

93
Q

RIG

A

reduction is gain (of e-)

94
Q

Oxidation

A

structure that loses an electron

95
Q

Reduced

A

structure that gains an electron

96
Q

enzymes

A

are biologically active catalysts that increase reaction rates by lowering activation energy

97
Q

the rate of chemical reaction may be accelerated by either:

A

an increase in substrate concentration or an increase in enzyme concentration

98
Q

the 3-d shape of enzyme intermoleculer bonds can due to

A

high temperature

99
Q

protein denaturization and loss of function can happen due to

A

high temps.

100
Q

enymes function best at optimal

A

pH, between 6 and 8

101
Q

enzymes can be controlled by

A

“inhibitors” that bind enzymes and prevent enzymatic catalysis

102
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

resembles substrate and binds to active site of enzyme, compete for occupation of active site, increase substrate and competitive inhibitor less likely to occupy site, increase inhibitor and more likely it will occupy active site

103
Q

non competite inhibitors

A

do not resemble substrate, bind a site other than active site (allosteric site), also called allosteric inhibitors, not influenced by concentration of substrate

104
Q

metabolic pathways are reuglated by

A

negative feedback

105
Q

the product from the metabolic pathways

A

act as an allosteric inhibitor

106
Q

4 stages of glucose oxidation:

A

1 gylcolysis, 2 interediate stage, 3 citric acid stage, 4 electron transport system

107
Q

glycolysis

A

which occurs within the cytosol, is a metabolic pathway that uses ten enzymes and does not require oxygen.

108
Q

Last step of the electron transport system

A

a H+ gradient is formed, and H+ then flow down this gradient and the energy is harnessed by ATP synthetase to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

109
Q

total # of ATP produced from the completed breakdown of glucose 38 (theoretically) but

A

energy required uses 8 ATP so the Net ATP produced is 30

110
Q

Cells are the _____ and _____ units of body

A

structural, and function

111
Q

three major structural components of a cell include

A

nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm

112
Q

nucleus

A

largest structure in the cell

113
Q

cytoplasm is composed of

A

cytosol and organelles

114
Q

cytosol

A

intracellular fluid

115
Q

organelles are composed of two caterogies

A

membrane bound organelles, and non membrane-bound organelles

116
Q

membrane bound organelles are

A

enclosed by a membrane

117
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

membrane bound organelles

118
Q

golgi apparatus

A

membrane bound organelles

119
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane bound organelles

120
Q

peroxisomess

A

membrane bound organelles

121
Q

mitochondria

A

membrane bound organelles

122
Q

ribosomes

A

non memberaned bound organelles

123
Q

cytoskeleton

A

non memberaned bound organelles

124
Q

centrosome

A

non memberaned bound organelles

125
Q

proteasomes

A

non memberaned bound organelles

126
Q

membrane proteins have 2 structural types they are

A

integral proteins, and peripheral proteins

127
Q

intergral protiens are

A

embedded with, extend across the phospholipid bilayer

128
Q

peripheral protiens are

A

resides on either the internal or external surface of the plasma membrane

129
Q

the membrane transport has 2 categories

A

passive processes, and active processes

130
Q

passive processes

A

no cellular energy required, depend on substances moving down concentration gradient, move from area of more substance to area of less

131
Q

active processes

A

require cellular energy

132
Q

passive processes diffusion are

A

net movement of a substance from an area of greater cncentrated to area of lesser concentration

133
Q

there are 2 types of passive diffusion they are

A

passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion

134
Q

simple diffusion

A

is the unassisted movement of small and nonpolar molecules through the phospholipid bilayer

135
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

transport of small charged or polar solutes that require assistance membrane proteins

136
Q

the two types of facilitated diffusion are

A

channel-mediated and carrier-mediated

137
Q

carrier=mediated facilitated diffusion

A

how glucose is transported into the cell

138
Q

osmosis

A

movement or water (not solutes) and passive movement of water through slectively permeable membrane

139
Q

osmosis and toxicity are

A

relative concentration of solutions

140
Q

isotonic

A

both cytosol & solution have same concentration of solutes

141
Q

hypotonic

A

solution has a lower concentration of solutes, higher concentration of water than in cytosol

142
Q

hypertonic

A

solution with a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol

143
Q

active processes

A

expenditure of cellular energy and include both active transport and vesicular transport

144
Q

vesicular transport can be broken down to two types

A

exocytosis and endocytosis

145
Q

exocytosis

A

moves (large) material secreted out of a cell

146
Q

endocytosis

A

moves substance into a cell

147
Q

the three types of endocytosis are

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor

148
Q

phagocytosis

A

cellular eating

149
Q

pinocytosis

A

cellular driking

150
Q

receptor

A

mediated

151
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has

A

rough er and smooth er

152
Q

rough er function

A

with ribosome, protein production by ribosomes

153
Q

smooth er function

A

no ribosome, synthesis-transports and storage of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of drugs and poisons

154
Q

golgi apperatus function

A

modification, and packaging and sorting of proteins, formation of secretory vesicles

155
Q

lysosomes function

A

participate in digestion of unneeded substances

156
Q

peroxisomes metabolic functions include (digestion and synthesis)

A

role in chemical digestion, beta oxidation, lipid synthesis

157
Q

the endomembrane system includes

A

ER, golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, and peroxisomes

158
Q

mitochondria function

A

complete digestion of fuel molecules to synthesize ATP, powerhouse of cell

159
Q

ribosomes function

A

site of protien synthesis

160
Q

cytoskeleton function

A

support, cell division, and transport

161
Q

3 parts of cytoskeleton are

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

162
Q

membrane bound organelles are

A

endoplasmic reticulum, gogli apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochrondia

163
Q

non membrane bound organalles are

A

ribosomes, cytoskeleton , centrosome, proteasomes

164
Q

3 structures of the cells exnteral structure are

A

cilia, flagella, and microvilli

165
Q

cilia function

A

sweep materials along the cells outer surface

166
Q

flagella function

A

located only on sperm, moves the sperm through the female reproductive tract

167
Q

microville function

A

increase cell surface area

168
Q

the largest structure of the cell is

A

the nucleus

169
Q

DNA is composed of repeated monomers (nucleotides):

A

5-carbon sugar deoxyribose, a phospate, and one of 4 nitrogenous bases

170
Q

DNA nitrogenous bases are

A

Adenine, cytosine, gaunine, thymine

171
Q

transcription is formed

A

when RNA is formed, requires DNA, free ribonucleotides, and the enzyme RNA polymerase

172
Q

When RNA is formed

A

copy of a gene formed for DNA in nucleus

173
Q

the 3 types of RNA Are

A

messanger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

174
Q

translation (making of protien) occurs

A

in the cytosol and requires ribosomol RNA (rRNA)

Anatomy and Physiology 1. (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions