Anatomy and Physiology 1 Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
the study of form and structure, form/structure
2
Q
Physiology
A
the study of function of the body parts, function/explain
3
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
A
examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye, uses microscope
4
Q
The two more microscope anatomy subdivisions are?
A
cytology and histology
5
Q
Cytology
A
cellular anatomy, is the study of body cells and their internal sturctures
6
Q
Histology
A
is the stufy of tissues
7
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
macroscopic anatomy, is the study of structures visible to the unaided eye
8
Q
What 3 characteristics describe living things?
A
organization, metabolism, regulation
9
Q
Metabolism
A
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
10
Q
What are the two things that metabolism consist of ?
A
anabolism and catabolism
11
Q
anabolism
A
small molecules joined to form larger ones
12
Q
catabolism
A
large molecules broken down to smaller ones
13
Q
regulation
A
is the organisms ability to adjust internal bodily function is response to enviromental changes (homeostasis)
14
Q
Homeostatis
A
ability to maintain body structure and function
15
Q
What are the levels of organization in the human body from simplest to complex?
A
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal level
16
Q
What is the chemical level?
A
simplest level, and is involves atoms(smaller units of matter) and molecules, which forms cells
17
Q
What is cellular level?
A
Consist of cells, the smallest living structures, cells exhibit the characteristics of life.
18
Q
What are the 11 organ systems in the human body?
A
NICER DRUMS + L, Nervous, Integumentary, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Reproductive, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Muscular, Skeletal, and Lymphatic
19
Q
What is the integumentary system?
A
it provides protection, prevents water loss and gain, synthesizes vitamin D, releases secreations, regulates body temperature, and houses sensory receptors
20
Q
What is the skeletal system?
A
provides support and protection, site of hematopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcuim and phosphorus, provides sites for ligament and muscle attachments
21
Q
What is the muscular system?
A
provides body movement, generates heat when muscles contract
22
Q
What is the nervous system?
A
a regulatory system that responds to sensory stimuli, and controls muscles and some glands. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory
23
Q
What is homeostatis?
A
the bodies ability to maintain a relatively stable (steady state) internal enviroment in response to changes in either internal or external enviromental factors
24
Q
What are the 3 components of homeostatic systems?
A
receptor, control center, effector
25
receptor
detects stimulus
26
control center
intercepts input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector
27
effector
is the structure that brings about a change to the stimulus
28
What is the order of homeostatic control mechanisms?
stimulus > receptor > control center > effector
29
What is negative feedback?
are initiated by either an increase or a decrease in the stimulus, and the end ressult is to return the stimulus to within its normal range or set point
30
Most feedback mechanisms in the human body work by?
negative feedback
31
One example of negative feedback is temperature regulation, how does it work?
body temperature drops, sensory receptors detect and signal hypothalamus, hypothalamus
32
What is positive feedback?
they are initiated by a stimulus and they maintain or increase the activity of the original stimulus
33
What happens during positive feedback?
a stimulus is reinforced to continue moving variable in the same direction until a climate event occurs, then the body returns to homeostasis
34
A good example of postive feedback is breastfeeding, how does it work?
sensory detectors detectbaby suckling, messsage is transmitted to the hypothalamus, hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release the hormone oxytocin, oxytocin stimulates the mammary glands to eject breast milk, cycle repeats as long as the baby suckles
35
What is the order of breastfeeding ?
stimulus/ suckling, receptor/ sensory receptors in the breast, control center/ hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release oxytocin, effector/ breast ejects milk
36
an atom
is the smallest particle that exhibts the chemical properties of an element
37
protons
positive charge of one (+1)
38
neutrons
no charge
39
electrons
negative charge of one (-1)
40
average atomic mass
is the mass of both protons and neutrons
41
what is the atomic number?
it is the number of protons in an atom of the element
42
how much do electrons weigh?
1/1800th of the mass of a proton/neutron
43
what is an isotope
it is the atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but differ in the number of neutrons
44
isotopes have identical _____ but different _____
chemical, atomic masses
45
what is an ion?
it is an charged atom that is either positively charged or negatively charged
46
Ions are produced by the gain or loss of only what?
electrons
47
what are cations
they are positively charged ions that are formed by the loss of electrons
48
what are anions
they are negatively charged ions that are formed by the gain of electrons
49
what is an ionic bond?
they are electrostatic attractions between positively charged cations and negatively charges anions
50
How are covalent bonds formed?
they are formed from sharing electrons between atoms of two or more elements, they are formed when atoms share eletrons
51
How are single covalent bonds formed?
it is formed by sharing one pair of electrons
52
how are double covalent bonds formed?
it is formed by sharing one pair of electrons
53
how are triple covalent bonds formed
it is formed by 3 pairs of electrons
54
When do nonpolar covalent bonds occur?
they occur when the two atoms share electrons equally, as occurs between atoms of the same element, or almost equally as occurs when hydrogen bonds to carbon
55
When do polar covalent bonds occur?
they occur between atoms of different elements that share electrons unequally
56
Nonpolar molecules include the molecules composed of non polar bonds
O-O and C-H
57
Polar molecules generally include those molecules composed predominantly of polar bonds
O-H
58
How do hydrogen bonds occur?
they occur betweeen polar molecules and the attraction between partially positively charged hydrogen atoms and partially negatively charged atoms
59
Hydrogen bonds are indivually ____ and collectively ____
weak, strong
60
Hydrogen influences what?
how water behaves
61
what is cohesion (Co=together,manually)?
the attraction between water molecules
62
what is surface tension?
it is the inward pull of water molecules at the surface
63
what is adhesion?
it is the attraction of water molecules for substances other than water
64
How does water help maintain a normal body temp.?
it helps from the waters high specific heat and high heat of vaporization (it takes energy to break down hydrogen bonds)
65
pH is the measure of what?
it is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration [H+]
66
solutions with equal concentrations of H+ and OH- are
neutral, have pH of 7
67
solutions with greater H+ than OH- are
acidic, pH < 7
68
solutions with greater OH- than H+ are
basic (alkaline), have a pH>7
69
The pH scale represents a 10 fold change in H+ concentration between two adjacent whole number pH values
a pH of 6 has 10 times more acidic concentration in it then pH 7 water, visa versa
70
what is the biological macromolecules?
they are large organic molecules that are synthesized by the human body
71
what are the 6 elements that compose macromolecules?
CHONPS carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfer
72
what are the four major classes of organic biological macromolecules?
lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, protiens
73
what are the four major classes of biomolecules exist as polymers? (lipids are not polymers)
complex carbohydrates, nucleic acids, protiens
74
complex carbohydrates contain
sugar monomers
75
nucleic acids contain
nucleotide monomers
76
protien contain
amino acid monomers
77
what are lipids?
they are a very diverse group of fatty like water - insoluble molecules that include 4 primary classes
78
what are the 4 primary classes of lipids?
PETS, phospholipids, eicosanoids, triglycerides, steriods
79
triglycerides are the most common form of lipid in?
living things
80
triglycerides are
most common form of lipid in human bodies, gernally used for long term energy storage, structional support cushioning, and insulation
81
what are the 2 classes of f nucleic acids?
deoxyribonucleic acid (dna), ribonucleic acid (rna)
82
DNA and RNA are both polymers formed form what?
nucleotide monomers
83
DNA is how many strands?
double stranded nucliec acids
84
RNA has how many strands?
single standard nucleic acid
85
what are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
sugar: 5 carbon pentose (ribose), phosphate group (attached to the sugar), and nitrogenous base
86
proteins are polymers that differ
in the number and sequence of 20 different amino acid monomers arranged in a unique linear sequence
87
What are the two classes of energy?
potential and kinetic
88
what is potential energy?
is the energy of position or stored energy
89
Kinetic Energy?
is the energy of motion
90
decomposition reactions (catabolism)
hydrolysis (AB --> A+B), and exergonic reactions (energy released)
91
synthesis reactions (all anabolism)
dehydration sythesis (A+B -->AB), endergonic reactions (energy supplied)
92
OIL
oxidation is lose (of e-)
93
RIG
reduction is gain (of e-)
94
Oxidation
structure that loses an electron
95
Reduced
structure that gains an electron
96
enzymes
are biologically active catalysts that increase reaction rates by lowering activation energy
97
the rate of chemical reaction may be accelerated by either:
an increase in substrate concentration or an increase in enzyme concentration
98
the 3-d shape of enzyme intermoleculer bonds can due to
high temperature
99
protein denaturization and loss of function can happen due to
high temps.
100
enymes function best at optimal
pH, between 6 and 8
101
enzymes can be controlled by
"inhibitors" that bind enzymes and prevent enzymatic catalysis
102
competitive inhibitors
resembles substrate and binds to active site of enzyme, compete for occupation of active site, increase substrate and competitive inhibitor less likely to occupy site, increase inhibitor and more likely it will occupy active site
103
non competite inhibitors
do not resemble substrate, bind a site other than active site (allosteric site), also called allosteric inhibitors, not influenced by concentration of substrate
104
metabolic pathways are reuglated by
negative feedback
105
the product from the metabolic pathways
act as an allosteric inhibitor
106
4 stages of glucose oxidation:
1 gylcolysis, 2 interediate stage, 3 citric acid stage, 4 electron transport system
107
glycolysis
which occurs within the cytosol, is a metabolic pathway that uses ten enzymes and does not require oxygen.
108
Last step of the electron transport system
a H+ gradient is formed, and H+ then flow down this gradient and the energy is harnessed by ATP synthetase to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
109
total # of ATP produced from the completed breakdown of glucose 38 (theoretically) but
energy required uses 8 ATP so the Net ATP produced is 30
110
Cells are the _____ and _____ units of body
structural, and function
111
three major structural components of a cell include
nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm
112
nucleus
largest structure in the cell
113
cytoplasm is composed of
cytosol and organelles
114
cytosol
intracellular fluid
115
organelles are composed of two caterogies
membrane bound organelles, and non membrane-bound organelles
116
membrane bound organelles are
enclosed by a membrane
117
endoplasmic reticulum
membrane bound organelles
118
golgi apparatus
membrane bound organelles
119
lysosomes
membrane bound organelles
120
peroxisomess
membrane bound organelles
121
mitochondria
membrane bound organelles
122
ribosomes
non memberaned bound organelles
123
cytoskeleton
non memberaned bound organelles
124
centrosome
non memberaned bound organelles
125
proteasomes
non memberaned bound organelles
126
membrane proteins have 2 structural types they are
integral proteins, and peripheral proteins
127
intergral protiens are
embedded with, extend across the phospholipid bilayer
128
peripheral protiens are
resides on either the internal or external surface of the plasma membrane
129
the membrane transport has 2 categories
passive processes, and active processes
130
passive processes
no cellular energy required, depend on substances moving down concentration gradient, move from area of more substance to area of less
131
active processes
require cellular energy
132
passive processes diffusion are
net movement of a substance from an area of greater cncentrated to area of lesser concentration
133
there are 2 types of passive diffusion they are
passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion
134
simple diffusion
is the unassisted movement of small and nonpolar molecules through the phospholipid bilayer
135
facilitated diffusion
transport of small charged or polar solutes that require assistance membrane proteins
136
the two types of facilitated diffusion are
channel-mediated and carrier-mediated
137
carrier=mediated facilitated diffusion
how glucose is transported into the cell
138
osmosis
movement or water (not solutes) and passive movement of water through slectively permeable membrane
139
osmosis and toxicity are
relative concentration of solutions
140
isotonic
both cytosol & solution have same concentration of solutes
141
hypotonic
solution has a lower concentration of solutes, higher concentration of water than in cytosol
142
hypertonic
solution with a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol
143
active processes
expenditure of cellular energy and include both active transport and vesicular transport
144
vesicular transport can be broken down to two types
exocytosis and endocytosis
145
exocytosis
moves (large) material secreted out of a cell
146
endocytosis
moves substance into a cell
147
the three types of endocytosis are
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor
148
phagocytosis
cellular eating
149
pinocytosis
cellular driking
150
receptor
mediated
151
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has
rough er and smooth er
152
rough er function
with ribosome, protein production by ribosomes
153
smooth er function
no ribosome, synthesis-transports and storage of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of drugs and poisons
154
golgi apperatus function
modification, and packaging and sorting of proteins, formation of secretory vesicles
155
lysosomes function
participate in digestion of unneeded substances
156
peroxisomes metabolic functions include (digestion and synthesis)
role in chemical digestion, beta oxidation, lipid synthesis
157
the endomembrane system includes
ER, golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, and peroxisomes
158
mitochondria function
complete digestion of fuel molecules to synthesize ATP, powerhouse of cell
159
ribosomes function
site of protien synthesis
160
cytoskeleton function
support, cell division, and transport
161
3 parts of cytoskeleton are
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
162
membrane bound organelles are
endoplasmic reticulum, gogli apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochrondia
163
non membrane bound organalles are
ribosomes, cytoskeleton , centrosome, proteasomes
164
3 structures of the cells exnteral structure are
cilia, flagella, and microvilli
165
cilia function
sweep materials along the cells outer surface
166
flagella function
located only on sperm, moves the sperm through the female reproductive tract
167
microville function
increase cell surface area
168
the largest structure of the cell is
the nucleus
169
DNA is composed of repeated monomers (nucleotides):
5-carbon sugar deoxyribose, a phospate, and one of 4 nitrogenous bases
170
DNA nitrogenous bases are
Adenine, cytosine, gaunine, thymine
171
transcription is formed
when RNA is formed, requires DNA, free ribonucleotides, and the enzyme RNA polymerase
172
When RNA is formed
copy of a gene formed for DNA in nucleus
173
the 3 types of RNA Are
messanger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
174
translation (making of protien) occurs
in the cytosol and requires ribosomol RNA (rRNA)
