Anatomy and Phys HESI A2 Flashcards
1
Q
homeostasis
A
body’s maintenance of a stable environment
2
Q
receptors
A
molecule or cell that provides info about the environment
3
Q
control center (and set point)
A
indicates correct value (e.g. body temp)
4
Q
effectors
A
What elicits a response that alters conditions within the body’s internal environment. (e.g. muscles and glands)
5
Q
negative feedback
A
When receptors measure deviations from the set point, effectors are activated and conditions are returned toward the set point and effectors gradually shut off. This movement toward homeostasis and balance is called……..
6
Q
positive feedback
A
Homeostatic mechanisms that function when changes by effectors move the body away from normal conditions, causing more changes, is called…… (examples are blood clotting and labor contractions)
7
Q
organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
A
Levels of organization
8
Q
organelle
A
Cell components that perform a specific function
9
Q
cells
A
Basic unit of structure and function
10
Q
tissues
A
Groups of cells organized into layers or masses that have specific functions
11
Q
organs
A
Structures that perform a specialized function (comprised of tissues)
12
Q
Organ systems
A
Groups of organs that function together closely
13
Q
Organism
A
Comprised of an interacting organ system
14
Q
superior
A
above, or closer to the head
15
Q
inferior
A
below, or closer to the feet
16
Q
Anterior (Ventral)
A
Toward the front
17
Q
Posterior (Dorsal)
A
Toward the back
18
Q
medial
A
Toward the midline
19
Q
lateral
A
Away from the midline (closer to the sides)
20
Q
Median (saggital) plane
A
Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into right and left portions
21
Q
Coronal/Frontal plane
A
Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
22
Q
Transverse (cross-sectional)
A
Imaginary horizontal line dividing the body into superior and inferior
23
Q
Dorsal cavities (near the back)
A
Cranial and spinal cavity
24
Q
Cranial cavity
A
Cavity that contains the brain
25
Spinal cavity (vertebral)
Cavity that contains the spinal cord and vertebrae
26
orbits, nasal, oral, thoracic, mediastinum, pericardial, pleural, and abdominopelvic (peritoneal)
Ventral cavities (near the front of the body)
27
orbits
Cavity that contains the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves
28
Nasal cavity
Cavity that is divided into right and left portions by the nasal septum; air-filled sphenoid and frontal sinuses
29
Oral cavity
Cavity that contains the teeth and tongue
30
thoracic cavity
Cavity that contains the lungs (chest cavity)
31
Mediastinum
Space between the lungs that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus
32
Pericardial cavity
Potential space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium
33
middle ear cavities
Cavity containing the incus, malleus, stapes
34
Pleural cavities (lungs)
Cavities (right and left) that are the potential space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes
35
Abdominopelvic cavity
Cavity that extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis; includes stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs
36
Peritoneal cavity
Cavity that is the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneal membranes
37
Pleural membranes (parietal is the outside layer that lines the cavity, visceral is the inside layer, covering the lung)
Body cavity membrane: which is a serous membrane that lines the lungs
38
Pericardial (parietal is the outside layer which lines the mediastinum, visceral is the inside layer, covering the heart)
Body cavity membrane: which serous membrane lines the heart?
39
Peritoneal membranes (parietal is the outside layer which lines the cavity, visceral is the inside layer, lining the organs)
Body cavity membrane: Which serous membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?
40
epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissue
Four major tissue types
41
epithelial
Which type of tissue is found throughout the body and covers the body, lines organs, found in the inner lining of body cavities and hollow organs?
42
epithelial
Which type of tissue always has an apical (free) surface exposed to an open space (inside or outside)?
43
basement membrane
What nonliving membrane anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue?
44
TRUE
T/F Epithelial cells lack blood vessels, so they are supplied by underlying connective tissues
45
protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion
Functions of epithelial tissue
46
simple squamos
Which type of epithelial tissue is a single layer of thin, flattened cells that is thin and delicate, easily damaged?
47
diffusion and filtration
Simple squamos tissue is common at sites where _ and _ occur, since substances pass through easily.
48
Simple squamos
Alveoli, walls of capillaries, inside the blood and lymph vessels, and membrane coverings in the cavities is where you can find this type of epithelial tissue.
49
Simple cuboidal
Which type of epithelial tissue is a single layer of cube-shaped cells?
50
Simple cuboidal
Which type of epithelial tissue lines follicles of thyroid gland, covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules, and ducts of glands (salivary glands, pancreas, and liver)?
51
tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, and secretes glandular products
Simple cuboidal cells function in _ and _ and \_
52
Simple columnar
Which type of epithelial tissue is either ciliated or nonciliated single layer of elongated cells, which form a good protective layer?
53
portions of the GI tract
Nonciliated simpl ecolumnar cells are found where?
54
secreting digestive fluids, absorbing nutrients, as microvilli for absorption, and as goblet cells that secrete mucus onto free surfaces (excretion)
Functions of simple columnar cells include
55
pseudostratified columnar
Which type of epithelial tissue appears stratified, but isn't, and is commonly ciliated?
56
lining of the respiratory system, and the cilia that sweep away the mucus that goblet cells create.
Examples of pseudostratified columnar tissue is...
57
Stratified squamos
Type of epithelial tissue that is very thick and made up of many layers, that makes up the epidermis (skin)?
58
In the lining of the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal
Where else is stratified squamos tissue found?
59
keratin
Protein that produces a covering of dry, protective material that prevents water and other substances from escaping and microorganisms from entering the epidermis
60
Stratified cuboidal
This type of epithelial tissue has multiple layers of cuboidal cells that form the lining of a lumen (space within a tube)
61
Lines larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas, developing ovaries, seminiferous tubules
Stratified cuboidal is found where?
62
Stratified columnar
Which type of epithelial tissue is several layers of columnar cells, in which the superficial cells are elongated and the basal cells are cuboidal?
63
Lines part of the male urethra and ductus deferens and parts of the pharynx
Stratified columnar tissue is found where?
64
Transitional
Type of epithelial tissue that is specialized to change in response to increased tension. It lines the urinary bladder and prevents the contents of the bladder from diffusing back into the internal environment.
65
Glandular
Tissue that is specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids
66
columnar and cuboidal
Glandular cells are usually found within which two types of epithelium?
67
gland
Two or more glandular cells compose a?
68
Exocrine gland
Which type of gland secretes into a duct that opens onto an open surface? (skin or GI tract)?
69
Endocrine gland
Which type of gland secretes into tissue fluid or blood?
70
Merocrine gland
which type of gland releases fluids by exocytosis?
71
Apocrine gland
Which type of gland loses small portions of glandular cell bodies during secretion?
72
Holocrine gland
Which type of gland secretes entire cells along with fluids?
73
membrane
Thin structures that are usually composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue
74
mucuous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous
The four types of membranes are:
75
synovial membrane
Which membrane type lines the joints and is composed entirely of connective tissue?
76
Mucous membranes
Which type of membrane lines tubes that open to the outside of the body, in which there are goblet cells inbetween epithelial cells that secrete mucous? (type of epithelium varies)
77
Serous membranes
Which type of membrane lines cavities that DO NOT open to the outside and functions to reduce friction.
78
serous membranes
Which membrane secretes watery serous fluid?
79
serous membranes
Which membrane forms the inner linings of the thorax and abdomen and is also composed of simple squamos epithelium and loose connective tissue?
80
cutaneous
Which membrane is "skin"
81
connective
What is the most abundant tissue type by weight?
82
Connective tissue
Which tissue provides framework, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, protects against infection and helps repair tissue damage?
83
glands and membranes
Epithelial tissue forms?
84
connective tissue
Blood, adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage are all examples of ..........
85
Extracellular matrix
Protein fibers and ground substance between cells in connective tissue is called \_\_\_
86
fixed cells
Cells that remain in their place
87
Wandering cells
Cells that reside in different places in the body (do not remain in place)
88
fibroblasts
Star-shaped cells that produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matrix, found in connective tissue.
89
macrophages
What type of cell originates as a white blood cell, is usually attached to fibers in connective tissue but can detach, and functions as a scavenger cell (phagocytosis)?
90
mast cells
What type of cell is usually found near blood vessels in connective tissue and secretes heparin, which prevents blood clotting?
91
mast cell
Which cell releases histamine?
92
Collagenous fibers
What are thick threads of collagen with great tensile strength? They are often found in components of body parts which hold structures together, such as ligaments and tendons.
93
dense connective tissue
Tissue containing abundant collagenous fibers
94
loose connective tissue
Tissue with sparse collagenous fibers
95
Elastic fibers
Which fibers are composed of a spring-like protein called elastin, and are yellow fibers?
96
elastic
What type of fiber is common in body parts that stretch such as the vocal cards and respiratory system?
97
reticular fibers
What are thin collagenous fibers that are delicate supporting networks, such as in the spleen?
98
Areolar tissue
What is the name for the connective tissue that forms delicate, thin membranes that binds the skin to the underlying organs and fills spaces between muscles? (type of connective tissue)
99
reticular fibers
What fibers form the delicate supporting framework for certain internal organs, e.g. liver, spleen, lymphatic organs
100
cartilage
What type of connective tissue is rigid and provides support, frameworks, and attachments?
101
cartilage
\_\_\_\_\_\_ protects underlying tissues and forms structural models for bones.
102
chondrocytes
What are cartilage cells called?
103
cartilage
Which type of connective tissue has an extensive extracellular matrix which is largely composed of collagenous fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance?
104
lacunae
small chambers where chondrocytes are found
105
perichondrium
A cartilaginous structure is enclosed in a covering of connective tissue called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which contains the blood vessels.
106
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
The three types of cartilage
107
hyaline cartilage
Most common type of cartilage
108
elastic cartilage
What type of cartilage is most flexible?
109
fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilage is the toughest?
110
elastic cartilage
Which type of cartilage is composed of a dense network of elastic fibers, and makes up the external ears and parts of the larynx?
111
Hyaline cartilage
Which type of cartilage is composed of very find collagenous fibers, is found on the ends of bones and the soft parts of bones?
112
fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilage is used as a shock absorber such as inbetween vertebral discs, and is also used to cushion bones in the knees and pelvic girdle?
113
hyaline cartilage
Bones begin as ______ during embryonic development.
114
Bone
What is the most rigid connective tissue?
115
abundant collagenous fibers and mineral salts
Bone is composed of?
116
red bone marrow
\_\_\_\_\_\_ of bone forms red blood cells and is also used to store and release inorganic chemicals like calcium and phosphorous
117
osteoblasts
What are the bone-forming cells?
118
mineral salts
Bone gets its hardness from \_\_\_\_\_\_
119
Central canal
Tiny channel in bone tissue that contains blood vessels (also called Haversian canal), which osteocytes and layers of extracellular matrix concentrically cluster around.
120
Lamellae
A layer of extracellular matrix in bone tissue (layers of bone)
121
calcium and phosphorous
Bone stores and releases which two inorganic chemicals?
122
osteocytes
Once osteoblasts are surrounded by the bone matrix (lamellae), they become fixed and are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_.
123
Canaliculi
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are cytoplasmic processes that extend outward and pass through minute tubes in the extracellular matrix of bone. Gap junctions connect them to membranes of surrounding cells, allowing materials to mvoe rapidly between blood vessels and bone cells.
124
Blood
Type of connective tissue that consits of cells suspended in plasma
125
red blood cell
blood cell that transports gases
126
white blood cell (leukocytes)
blood cell that fights infection
127
clotting
Function of platelets
128
formed elements of blood
What forms in the hematopoietic tissues in the red bone marrow?
129
adipose tissue
Fat tissue
130
Fat
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ forms when adipocytes stores fat in their cytoplasm
131
adipose tissue
\_\_\_\_\_\_ forms beneath the skin, in the spaces between muscles, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, in the abdominal membranes, the surface of the heart, and some joints.
132
Dense regular connective tissue
Type of connective tissue that is very strong, forms parts of tendons and ligaments (can withstand a lot of pulling), and has poor blood supply.
133
Dense irregular connective tissue
Type of connective tissue that is randomly organized and can sustain tension exerted from multiple directions. It is found in the dermis.
134
muscle tissue
What major type of tissue is classified as voluntary and involuntary?
135
voluntary
Skeletel muscles are controlled by conscious effort and are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
136
involuntary
Smooth and cardiac muscle tissue can not be controlled by conscious effort and is called \_\_\_\_\_
137
skeletal muscle tissue
Type of muscle tissue that is attached to bones, has multinucleated cells, and is thin and narrow, with alternating light and dark striations.
138
smooth muscle tissue
Type of muscle tissue that lacks striations, has a single nucleus, and lines the walls of hollow internal organs (e.g. stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, bladder).
139
smooth muscle
\_\_\_\_\_\_ moves food through the digestive tract, constricts blood vessels, and empties urinary bladder
140
cardiac muscle tissue
Type of muscle tissue found only in the heart, which forms the bulk of the heart and helps pump blood through it.
141
Nerve tissue
Major type of tissue that is found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
142
neurons
Basic cells of nerve tissue
143
axons
Nerve tissue transmits nerve impulses along cellular processes called ______ to other neurons or to muscles or glands
144
neuroglia
\_\_\_\_\_ bind and support the components of nervous tissue, carry on phagocytosis, and help supply growth factors and nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels.
145
nucleus
Cell organelle that is large, spherical, and contains DNA
146
chromosomes
Cell organelle that consists of loosely coiled fibers in nuclear fluid (in the nucleus). The fibers contain DNA molecules wrapped around histones
147
Ribosomes
Cell organelle that is composed of protein and RNA, which links amino acids to form proteins. They are found scattered in the cytoplasm and bound to rough ER.
148
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Cell organelle that participates in protein and lipid molecule synthesis
149
rough ER
ER that synthesizes protein
150
smooth ER
ER that synthesizes lipids, absorbs fats from the digestive tract, and breaks down drugs
151
Golgi apparatus
Cell organelle that prepares cellular products for excretion by exocytosis.
152
Lysosomes
Garbage disposal of the cell. Contains more than 40 types of enzymes that dismantle debris. The enzymes work only in very acidic conditions, which keep it from destroying other celular contents.
153
inclusions (vacuoles)
Inert chemicals within the cytoplasm of a cell.
154
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, where the final step of ATP synthesis occurs.
155
Cell / plasma membrane
Part of the cell that is thin, somewhat flexible, that controls the entrance and exit of substances in and out of the cells. It also allows the cell to recieve incoming messages.
156
selectively permeable
The cell membrane is _____ permeable, since it is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
157
signal transduction
What is the cell membrane recieving and responding to messages called?
158
fatty acids
The interior of the cell membrane is composed of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which gives it selective permeability and lipid-soluble items will pass through freely.
159
Integral protein
Protein that spans the cell membrane
160
Peripheral protein
Protein that projects from the cell membrane's outer surface
161
Transmembrane protein
Protein that extends from the outer surface at one end of the membrane and dips into the cytoplasm at the other end of the membrane (functions as receptors)
162
Cellular adhesion molecules (CAM's)
\_\_\_\_\_\_ enable cells to bind or touch, which helps white blood cells to slow and guide them to the site of an ingury, and also helps establish connections between nerve cells that underlie learning and memory.
163
cytoplasm
Network of organelles suspended in liquid cytosol
164
cytoskeleton
Part of the cell that is the supportive framework formed by anetwork of protein rods and tubules
165
skin
What is another word for the integumentary system?
166
Integumentary system (skin)
Keeping out pathogens, preventing the body from losing water, helping to regulate temperature, and synthesizing nutrients such as vitamin D are all functions of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
167
epidermis and dermis
What are the two layers of the skin?
168
epidermis
What is the outer layer of the skin?
169
stratified squamos epithelium
What tissue/cell type is the epidermis made up of?
170
stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
Layers of the epidermis from outermost to innermost
171
stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
What is the basal cell layer (deepest layer), which contains melanocytes?
172
dermis
Which skin layer is thicker, and contains connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood?
173
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
A sensory receptor within the dermis that is stimulated by heavy pressure is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
174
Tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles
A sensory receptor located within the dermis that senses light touch is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
175
Free nerve endings
Sensory receptors within the dermis that respond to temperature changes or to factors that can damage tissues and extend into the dermis are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
176
basement membrane
What connects the epidermis to the dermis?
177
subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
The layer below the dermis is called what?
178
areolar and adipose
Subcutaneous tissue is formed with masses of _____ and ______ tissues and contain blood vessels that supply the skin.
179
rete cutaneum
The blood vessels within the subcutaneous layer branch and form a network between the dermis and subcutaneous layer called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
180
keratin
A waterproof, fibrous protein that accumulates in skin cells as they move further from the dermis and the blood supply.
181
stratum corneum
As epidermal cells become keratinized, they become tightly packed, forming the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
182
Sebaceous glands
Glands found on the skin that are usually associated with hair follicles
183
sebum
Sebaceous glands secrete globules of fatty material that bursts cells called \_\_\_\_\_\_
184
holocrine
Sebaceous glands are _______ glands
185
palms and soles
Sebaceous glands are found scattered throughout the skin but not found on the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
186
Eccrine and apocrine
The two types of sudoriferous glands
187
sudoriferous glands
Sweat glands
188
Eccrine glands
Sweat gland that is abundant on the back, neck, and forehead, which produces profuse sweat (watery substance)
189
Apocrine glands
Sweat gland that causes odor when metabolized by bacteria, becomes active at puberty, and are activated when emotionally upset, frightened, or in pain.
190
nails and hair
Skin appendages include ____ and \_\_\_\_\_
191
palms, soles, lips, nipples, and parts of external reproductive organs
Hair is present everywhere on the body except in these places (5)
192
dead epithelial cells
The hair follicle is made up of
193
eumelanin
Dark hair contains more brownish-black \_\_\_\_\_\_
194
pheomelanin
Blonde and red hair contains more reddish-yellow \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
195
nail plate, nail bed, and lunula
The three parts of the nail are
196
lunula
The whitish half moon area that is the most active growing part of the nail is called what?
197
skeletal system (bones)
Providing structure, producing blood cells, support and protection of softer tissues, and attachment for muscles are all functions of this body system
198
Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
Name the 5 classifications of bone shapes
199
Long bone
Which bone has longitudinal axes, and expanded ends (diaphysis and epiphysis)
200
short bones
Which bone shape is cubelike and short?
201
flat bones
Which bone type is platelike, with broad surfaces
202
Irregular bones
Which bone type has a variety of shapes and is usually connected to several other bones
203
Sesamoid bones
Which bones are usually small and nodular and are embedded in tendons adjacent to joints?
204
sesamoid
The patella is an example of a ______ bone
205
Irregular bones
Backbones and facial bones are examples of _____ bones
206
Flat bones
Rib bones and some skull bones (frontal) are examples of this type of bone
207
Short bones
Wrist bones and ankle bones are examples of this type of bone
208
Long bones
Forearms and thigh bones are examples of this type of bone
209
osteocytes
Bone cells that are arranged in bony chambers called lacunae
210
central (haversian) canals
Osteocytes and lacunae form concentratic circles around \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
211
osteoblasts
Bone forming cells, once surrounded by bony matrix in the lunacae are called osteocytes
212
osteoclasts
Cells that break down calcified bone matrix
213
Bone remodeling
What process occurs as osteoclasts resorb bone tissue and osteoblasts replace the bone
214
epiphysis
Ends of long bones
215
diaphysis
Shaft of long bone
216
compact bone
Type of bone tissue that is compact and found in the diaphysis
217
compact bone
cortical bone
218
spongy bone
Type of bone tissue that is composed of thin layers of compact bone which branching plates with irregular connecting spaces.
219
spongy bone
cancellous bone
220
Spongy bone
Spongy bone and Compact bone are both composed of osteocytes and an extracellular matrix, but in _________ cells do NOT congregate around central canals.
221
trabecular plates
Spongy bones contains bony projections called ______ which allows space for nutrients to diffuse into calaliculi (microscopic canals that connect bone tissue)
222
osteon (sometimes called Haversian system)
In compact bone, when osteocytes and extracellular matrix cluster around a central canal, they form a (an) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
223
blood vessels and nerve fibers
central canals contain ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
224
longitudal, perforating canals
central canals run ______ through bone, while ______ (also known as Volkmann's canals) run transversely and contain larger blood vessels and nerves
225
Axial skeleton
Part of the skeleton that supports and protects the organs of the head, neck, and trunk.
226
appendicular skeleton
Part of the skeleton that pertains the the upper and lower limbs and their girdles
227
206
How many bones are there total in the human skeleton?
228
8
How many cranial bones are there?
229
Frontal, parietal (2), occipital, temporal (2), sphenois, and ethmoid
name the cranial bones
230
14
How many facial bones are there?
231
Maxilla (2), palatine (2), zygomatic (2), lacrimal (2), nasal (2), vomer, inferior nasal concha (2), and the mandible
Name the facial bones
232
malleus (2), incus (2), and stapes (2)
Name the middle ear bones (ossicles)
233
Hyoid bone
Which bone is located in the neck between the lower jaw and the larynx, and supports the tongue?
234
26
How many bones are in the vertebral column
235
Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) sacrum, and coccyx
Name the bones and number in the vertebral column from anterior to inferior
236
ribs (24, 12 pairs of 2), sternum (1)
Name the bones and number of the thoracic cage
237
scapula (2) and clavicle (2)
Name the bones of the pectoral girdle
238
Humerus (2), radius (2), ulna (2), carpal (16), metacarpal (10), phalanx (28)
Name the bones of the upper limbs and number of each
239
The pelvic girdle
The two hip bones make up what?
240
Femur (2), tibia (2), fibula (2), patella (2), tarsal (14), metatarsal (10), phalanx (28)
Name the bones and number of the lower limbs
241
foramen magnum
Where the inferior part of the brainstem connects with the spinal cord is called what?
242
Muscular system
Muscle groups, muscles, myofibrils, and sarcomeres are all components of what body system?
243
Muscle groups
Several muscles that control a specific part of the body
244
Myofibrils
Parallel, threadlike structures within a muscle fiber
245
actin and myosin
Myofibrils are thin filaments that consist of two types of protein ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
246
myosin
thick muscle filaments
247
actin
thin muscle filaments
248
striations
Alternating filaments form _____ in muscle tissue
249
sarcomeres
The repeating pattern formed by striations of myosin and actin form the functional unit of myofibrils and muscles called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
250
Filament theory of muscle contraction
When sarcomeres shorten (contract), the thick and thin filaments do not change length, but rather slide past each other and the thin filaments move toward the center of the sarcomere from both ends. As this happens, the H zones and I bands narrow, regions of overlap widen, and the Z lines move closer together, shortening the sarcomere This is called \_\_\_\_
251
sarcoplasmic reticulum
For a muscle to contract, calcium ions have to be released from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
252
actin filaments and myosin
calcium stops the inhibitory process on _____ filaments and ______ cross-bridges attach
253
cross-bridge
ATP binds to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
254
ADP and phosphate
Myosin cross-bridges contain ATPase, which breaks down ATP to ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_, resulting in the complete muscle contraction
255
skeletal muscle
Muscle type that is under voluntary control and has striations (from the sarcomeres)
256
Smooth muscle
Muscle type that is under involuntary control, not striated (no sarcomeres), display rhythmicity, and is active in peristalsis.
257
troponin, calmodulin
Smooth muscle lacks \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the protein that binds to calcium ions for contraction. Instead, smooth muscles use a protein called ______ for contraction
258
norepinephrine and acetylcholine
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ____________ are neurotransmitters that stimulate and inhibit contractions in smooth muscles
259
Cardiac muscle
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is a muscle type that is composed of striated cells joined end to end by special junctions called intercalcated discs, and is found only in the heart.
260
syncytium
Cardiac structure acts as a unit, called \_\_\_\_\_\_, which means when one part is stimulated, the whole muscle responds
261
self exciting and rythmic
cardiac muscle is also _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
262
flexors
Muscle that reduces the angle of a joint
263
Extensors
Muscles that increase the angle of a joint
264
abductors
Muscles that move the body away from the midline
265
adductors
Muscles that move the body back towards the midline
266
names
Muscle _____ often indicate a muscle's size, shape, location, action, number of attachments, or the direction of itts fibers
267
major
a muscle of large size
268
chest region
pectoral
269
deltoid
shaped like a delta or triangle
270
extends the digits
extensor digitorum
271
a muscle with two heads (biceps) or points of origin, in the brachium (arm)
biceps brachii
272
attached to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process
sternocleidomastoid
273
Located near the outside, with fibers that run obliquiely or in a slanting direction
external oblique
274
Nervous system
Basic functions of this system include recieving, interpreting, and reacting to stimuli
275
neurons
functional unit of the nervous system
276
axon, cell body, and dendrite
name the three parts of the neuron
277
Axon
Part of the neuron that arises from elevation called axonal hillock, and conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
278
Cell body
Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus with nucleolus
279
dendrites
Part of the neuron that is highly branched and provides receptive surfaces for communicating nerve impulses towards the cell body
280
Sensory (Afferent)
Type of nerves that carry nerve impulses away from the peripheral body parts and towards the brain or spinal cord
281
Motor (Efferent)
Type of nerves that carry nerve impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to the effectors (muscles or glands)
282
Sensory
Afferent
283
Motor
Efferent
284
Central and Peripheral
Name the two nervous systems
285
Central nervous system
Nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
286
Peripheral nervous system
Nervous system that consists of the cranial and spinal nerves that connects the CNS to the rest of the body
287
Somatic
Nervous system that oversees voluntary activities, such as skeletal muscle contractions
288
Autonomic
Nervous system that oversees involuntary activities, such as viscera (heart, various glands)
289
Medulla oblongota, pons, and midbrain
The brainstem consists of 3 parts, list them.
290
Medulla oblongota
Which part of the brainstem functions as a two-way conduction pathway between the spinal cord and higher brain centers such as cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control center
291
Pons
Which part of the brainstem is a two-way conduction pathway between areas of the brain and other areas of the body, influencing respiration
292
Midbrain
Which part of the brainstem is a two-way conduction pathway used as a relay for visual and auditory impulses
293
Hypothalamus and thalamus
A part of the brain called the diencephalon has what two brain areas within it?
294
Hypothalamus
Which part of the diencephalon (brain) is responsible for regulation of body temperature, water balance, sleep-cycle control, appetite, and sexual arousal?
295
Thalamus
Which part of the diencephalon (brain) is used as a sensory relay station from various body areas to cerebral cortex and controls emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms?
296
Cerebellum
What part of the brain is responsible for muscle coordination, maintenance of equilibrium and posture, and assists the cerebrum?
297
Cerebrum
Which part of the brain is responsible for sensory perception, emotions, willed movement, consciousness, and memory?
298
medulla oblongota, pons, and midbrain
What 3 parts make up the brain stem?
299
white and gray
The brain stem consists of ______ and _____ matter
