anatomy and phy chapter 6 Flashcards
Support. Bone is hard and rigid
cartilage is flexible yet strong.
Cartilage in nose, external ear, thoracic cage and trachea
Connect body parts.
Ligaments - bone to bone
Protection
Skull around brain; ribs, sternum, vertebrae protect
organs of thoracic cavity
Movement
Produced by muscles on bones, via tendons.
Ligaments allow some movement between bones but prevent
excessive movement
- Storage. Ca2+ and Phosphorus
Stored then released as needed.
Adipose tissue stored in marrow cavities.
Blood cell production
Bone marrow
Hematopoietic tissue)
that gives rise to blood cells (red =
erythrocytes, white =
leukocytes, and platelets = thrombocytes)
• Bones
Compact bone
– Spongy (trabecular or cancellous) bone
• Cartilages
Hyaline cartilage
– Fibrocartilage
– Elastic cartilage
• Tendons
– Attachment of muscle (skeletal) to bone
Ligaments
Attachment of bone to bone
Osteoblasts (Immature bone cells)
Formation of bone through ossification
or osteogenesis
Ossification
formation of bone by
osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts
communicate through
gap junctions. Cells surround
themselves by matrix.
Collagen
produced by E.R. and golgi.
Released by exocytosis
Precursors of
hydroxyapatite
stored in vesicles, then
released by exocytosis.
fetal
Hyaline cartilage
Osteoclasts (Destructive bone cells
Function: resorption of bone
– Hormonally induced (Parathyroid Hormone – PTH)
– Release enzymes that digest the bone
Osteocytes (Mature bone cells)
Stellate. Surrounded by matrix, but
can make small amounts of matrix to
maintain it.
– Lacunae
spaces occupied by
osteocyte cell body
Canaliculi:
canals occupied by
osteocyte cell processes
Nutrients
diffuse through tiny amount of liquid surrounding cell and filling lacunae and canaliculi. Transfer nutrients from one cell to the next through GAP JUNCTION
Osteoclasts (Destructive bone cells)
Function: resorption of bone
– Hormonally induced (Parathyroid Hormone – PTH)
– Release enzymes that digest the bone.
osteoclasts
break down bone matrix/ destroy the bone matrix
osteoblasts
formation bone matrix
osteocytes
maintain the bone matrix
• Long bone
Ex. Upper and lower
limbs
short bone
– Ex. Carpals and tarsal
flat bone
Ex. Ribs, sternum,
skull, scapulae
irregular bone
– Ex. Vertebrae, facial
• Diaphysis
Shaft
– Compact bone
Epiphysis
– End of the bone
– Spongy bone
Epiphyseal plate:
Hyaline cartilage; present until
growth stops
• Periosteum
– Outer is fibrous layer of bone
– Inner is single layer of bone cells
including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and
osteochondral progenitor cells (bone stem cells)
periosteum
– Fibers of tendon become continuous with fibers of
• Endosteum
Similar to periosteum, but more cellular CELLS. Lines all internal spaces including
spaces in spongy bone.
lining inside the cavity of the bone
Endochondral Ossification
In Long Bone: At the Diaphysis
• Secondary center of ossification
primary center of ossification
begins at the diaphysis or the shaft
secondary ossification center
begin at the ends or the epiphysis of the bone
- Hematoma formation
Localized mass of blood released from blood vessels but confined within an
organ or space. Clot formation
- Callus formation. Callus
mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site and connects the broken ends of
the bone.
- Callus ossification.
Callus replaced by woven, spongy bone
- Bone remodeling
Replacement of spongy bone and damaged material by compact bone. Sculpting of
site by osteoclasts
body
main part
head
enlarged end
neck
constriction between head and body
Margin or border
edge
angle
bend
tubercle
small rounded bump
process
prominent projection
fossa
general term for a depression
fovea
little pit
foramen
hole
canal or meatus
tunnel