Anatomy and Phisiology Flashcards

1
Q

abduction

A

muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abduction separates the fingers.

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2
Q

absorption.

A

The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells.

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3
Q

accessory nerve

A

also known as eleventh cranial nerve, a type of motor nerve that controls the motion neck and shoulder muscles.

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4
Q

adduction

A

muscles that draw a body part, such finger, arm or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extrmeity. In the hand adduction draws the fingers together.

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5
Q

adenosine triphosphate ATP

A

transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.

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6
Q

adipose tissue

A

a specialized connective tissue considered fat which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body.

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7
Q

adrenal glands

A

glands that are located at the top of the kidneys assisting in the regulation of metabolis. stress response and blood pressure, and support of immune system health through the generation of specific hormones.

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8
Q

anatomy

A

the study of human body structure, how the body parts are organizedm and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.

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9
Q

aorta

A

the body’s largest artery, the arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

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10
Q

arteries

A

thick-walled muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body.

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11
Q

arterioles

A

small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.

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12
Q

auricularis muscles

A

the three muscles of the ear and skin that work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward.

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13
Q

auriculotemporal nerve

A

affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.

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14
Q

autonomic nervous system ANS

A

the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles, glands and blood vessels and heart.

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15
Q

belly

A

the middle part of the muscles.

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16
Q

biceps

A

muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm

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17
Q

blood

A

nutritive fluid circulating through the cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them.

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18
Q

blood vessels

A

tubelike structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, veins, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules.\

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19
Q

body systems

A

groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more funtions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems.

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20
Q

brain

A

part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity.

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21
Q

brain stem

A

structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain

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22
Q

buccal nerve

A

affects the muscles of the mouth

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23
Q

buccinator

A

the thin flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips, as in when blowing a whistle.

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24
Q

capillaries

A

tiny, thin walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.

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25
Q

cardiovascular system

A

body system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body.

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26
Q

carpus

A

also known as wrist, a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.

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27
Q

cell membrane

A

part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell

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28
Q

cells

A

basic unit of all living things;capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life.

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29
Q

central nervous system CNS

A

cerebrospinal nervous system, consists of the brain spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.

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30
Q

cervical nerves

A

a branch of the facial nerve that affects the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.

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31
Q

cervical cutaneous nerve

A

a branch of the facial never that affects the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.

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32
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

the seven bones of the top part of the vertebrae located in the neck region.

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33
Q

circulatory system

A

aka cardiovascular system, controls the steady circulationof the blood throughout the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.

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34
Q

clavicle

A

aka collar bone. bone joining the sternum and scapula

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35
Q

common carotid arteries

A

arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck, located on either side of the neck having an internal and external branch.

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36
Q

connective tissue

A

fibrous tissue that binds together, protects and supports the various parts of the body suck as bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fat.

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37
Q

corrugator muscle

A

facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

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38
Q

cranium

A

oval, ebony, case that protects the brain

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39
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces from the body

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40
Q

deltoid

A

large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.

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41
Q

DNA deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

The blueprint material of genetic information contains all the information; contains all information that controls the function of every cell

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42
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

also known as triangularis muscles; muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth

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43
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing

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44
Q

digestion

A

a breakdown of food by mechanical amd ,ecjomca;

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45
Q

digestive enzymes

A

chemical that changes certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body.

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46
Q

digestive systems

A

also called the gastrointestinal system; responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes; consisting of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands and other organs.

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47
Q

digital nerve

A

sensory motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers

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48
Q

digits

A

aka phalanges; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones

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49
Q

ductless glands

A

aka endocrine glands; glands that release secretions called hormones directly into the blood

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50
Q

eleventh cranial nerve

A

aka accessory nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles

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51
Q

endocrine glands

A

aka ductless glands release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the entire body.

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52
Q

endocrine system

A

a group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body

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53
Q

enzymes

A

a group of complex proteins produced by living cells that act as catalysts in specific chemical reactions in the body such as digestion

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54
Q

epicranius

A

aka occipitofrontalis a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and includes the occipitalis and frontalis

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55
Q

epithelial tissue

A

protective covering on body surfaces such as the skin mucous membranes and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands.

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56
Q

ethmoid bone

A

light spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities

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57
Q

excretory system

A

group of organs including the kdineys , liver and skin, large intestine, and lungs that purify the body by elimination of waste matter

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58
Q

extension

A

when muscles straighten. when the wrist, had and fingers form a straight line for example

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59
Q

external jugular vein

A

vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face and neck

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60
Q

facial nerve

A

it is the chief motor nerve of the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck

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61
Q

fifth cranial nerve

A

aka trifacial or trigeminal nerve; it is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing it has 3 branches

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62
Q

flexion

A

when muscles move to pull the body part toward the core of the body such as when the biceps of the arm are activated toward the body.

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63
Q

frontal bone

A

bone forming the forehead

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64
Q

frontalis

A

front portion of the epicranius muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows draws the scalp forward and causes wrinkles across the forehead

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65
Q

gastrointestinal system

A

responsible for changing food into nutrients and waste also called the digestive system

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66
Q

glabella

A

the corregator and procerus muscles considered an area or region such as between eyebrows and or on the frontal bone, not specifically a muscle or a bone

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67
Q

glands

A

an organ that contributes to keeping the body in homeostasis by producing chemicals including hormones that are passed directly into the bloodstream because the glands have no duct system to travel through

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68
Q

greater auricular nerve

A

located at the side of the neck affects the face, ears neck and parotid gland

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69
Q

greater occipital nerve

A

located in the back of the head affects the scalp as fat up as the top of the head

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70
Q

heart

A

muscular cone shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system

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71
Q

histology

A

aka microscopic anatomy the study of the structure and composition of tissue

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72
Q

hormones

A

secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body or a body organ to stimulate functional activityor secretion such as insulin adrenaline and estrogen

73
Q

humerus

A

uppermost and largest bone in the arm extending from the elbow to the shoulder

74
Q

hyoid bone

A

U shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle

75
Q

infratrochlear nerve

A

affects the membrane and skin of the nose

76
Q

infraorbital nerve

A

affects the skin of the lower eyelid side of the nose upper lip and mouth

77
Q

ingestion

A

eating or taking food into the body

78
Q

inhalation

A

breathing in through the nose or mouth oxygen is absorbed by the blood

79
Q

insertion

A

point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more movable joint

80
Q

integumentary system

A

the skin and its accessory organs such as the oil and sweat glands sensory receptors hair and nails

81
Q

internal jugular vein

A

vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck

82
Q

interstitial fluid

A

a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells and provides the cells with nutrients and a method of removing cell waste; the the fluid contains components that are involved in blood clotting and wound healing

83
Q

joint

A

connection between two or more bones of the skeleton

84
Q

kidneys

A

one of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating waste and waste products

85
Q

lacrimal bones

A

smallest most fragile thin bones located in the front inside wall of the orbits eye sockets

86
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

large flat triangular muscle covering the lower back

87
Q

lesser occipital nerve

A

aka smaller occipital nerve located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear

88
Q

levator labii superioris muscle

A

a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip. It is sometimes called the quadratus labii superioris

89
Q

levator anguli oris

A

a muscle associated with smiling

90
Q

levator palpebrae superioris muscle

A

thin muscle that controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application

91
Q

liver

A

a gland in the abdominal cavity that secretes enzymes necessary for digestion synthesizes proteins and detoxifies the blood it regulates sugar levels in the blood and helps with decomposition of red blood cells and produces hormones necessary for body functions

92
Q

lungs

A

main organs of the respiratory system. two of them, located on either side of the heart take oxygen from the environment and transfer it to the bloodstream. They also exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide during a breath

93
Q

lymph

A

a liquid composed of chaning components in the interstitial fluid as the fluid is circulating throughout the body dispersing white blood cells and cell nutrients such as sugars fats and salts as well as absorbing toxins and waste

94
Q

lymph node

A

gland like structure found inside lymphatic vessels filters the lymphatic and helps fight infection

95
Q

lymphatic immune system

A

vital to the circulatory and immune systems; made up of lymph, lymph nodes thymus gland spleen and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the blood system the lymphatic and immune systems are closely connected in that they protect the body from disease by developing resistance and destroying disease causing microorganisms

96
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone largest and strongest bone of the face.

97
Q

mandibular nerve

A

affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip

98
Q

masseter

A

one of the muscles that coordinates with the temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward sometimes referred to as chewing muscles

99
Q

maxillae bones

A

form the upper jaw

100
Q

maxillary nerve

A

affects the upper part of the face

101
Q

median nerve

A

nerve smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves that supplies the arm and hand

102
Q

melasma

A

also referred to as pregnancy mask a form of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentation on the cheeks jawline forehead and upper lip due to hormonal imbalances such as pregnancy birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy.

102
Q

melasma

A

also referred to as pregnancy mask a form of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentation on the cheeks jawline forehead and upper lip due to hormonal imbalances such as pregnancy birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy.

103
Q

mental nerve

A

affects the skin of the lower lip and chin

104
Q

mentalis

A

muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

105
Q

metabolism

A

chemical processes taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities, the process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy

106
Q

metacarpus

A

also known as palm consists of five long slender bones called metacarpal bones

107
Q

mitochondria

A

a cell structure that takes in nutrients breaks them down and creates energy for the cell called ATP adenosine triphosphate

108
Q

mitosis

A

mot

109
Q

motor nerves

A

carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement

110
Q

muscle tissue

A

tissue that contracts and moves various parts of body

111
Q

muscular system

A

body system that covers shapes and suppoprts the skeletal tissue contracts and moves various parts of the body

112
Q

nape

A

back of the neck

113
Q

nasal bones

A

bones that form the bridge

114
Q

nasal nerve

A

affects the point and lower side of the nose

115
Q

nasalis muscle

A

two-part muscle that covers the nose

116
Q

nerve tissue

A

tissue that coordinates and controls all body functions

117
Q

nerves

A

whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted

118
Q

nervous system

A

body system composed of the brain spinal cord and nerves controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work efficiently in sync with each other

119
Q

neurology

A

the scientific study o the structure function and pathology of the nervous system

120
Q

neuron

A

aka nerve cell cells that make up the nerves brain and spinal cord and transmit nerve impulses

121
Q

nucleoplasm

A

Fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA determines our genetic makeup

122
Q

nucleus

A

the central part core in anatomy and histology the dense active protoplasm found in the center of a cell that acts as the genetic control center it plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism

123
Q

occipital bone

A

hindmost bone of the skull below the parietal bones forms the back of the skull above the nape

124
Q

occipitalis

A

back of the epicranius muscle that draws the scalp backward

125
Q

ophthalmic nerve

A

affects the skin of the forehead upper eyelids and lower lips that compresses contracts puckers and wrinkles the lips

126
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

ring muscle of the eye socket closes the eyelid

127
Q

orbicularis oris

A

flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses contracts puckers and wrinkles the lips .

128
Q

organelles

A

small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function

129
Q

organs

A

structures composed of specialized perform specific functions in plants and animals

130
Q

origin

A

part of the muscle that does not move it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle

131
Q

ovaries

A

function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics

132
Q

pancreas

A

Secretes enzyme producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates proteins and fats the islet of langerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production

133
Q

parathyroid glands

A

regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous system and muscular systems can function normally

134
Q

parietal bones

A

bones that form the sides and top of the cranium

135
Q

pectoralis major and minor

A

muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.

136
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

PNS system of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral nervous system has both sensory and motor nerves

137
Q

Peristalis

A

moves food along the digestive tract

138
Q

peristalsis

A

moves food along the digestive tract

139
Q

phalanges

A

also known as digits the bones in the fingers three in each finger and two in each thumb totaling 14 bones

140
Q

physiology

A

study of the functions or activities performed by the body’s structure

141
Q

pineal gland

A

a gland located in the brain plays a major role in sexual development sleep and metabolism

142
Q

Pituitary gland

A

a gland found in the center of the head the most complex organ of the endocrine system affects almost every physiologic process of the body growth blood pressure contracting during childbirth breast milk production sexual organ functions in both women and men thyroid gland function and the conversion of food into energy

143
Q

plasma

A

fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secretions to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells

144
Q

platelets

A

aka thrombocytes much smaller than red blood cells contributes to the blood clotting process which stops bleeding

145
Q

platysma

A

broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip

146
Q

posterior auricular nerve

A

affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull

147
Q

procerus

A

muscle that covers the bridge of the nose depresses the eyebrow and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose

148
Q

pronate

A

when muscles turn inward for example when the palm faces downward

149
Q

protoplasm

A

colorless jellylike substances in cells contains nutrients such as protein fats carbohydrates mineral salts and water

150
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified then back to the heart again

151
Q

quadratus labii superioris

A

a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip it is sometimes called the levator labii superioris

152
Q

radial nerve

A

a sensory motor nerve that with its branches supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand

153
Q

radius

A

smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb

154
Q

receptors

A

sensory nerve endings located closest to the surface of the skin

155
Q

red blood cells

A

blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs

156
Q

reflex

A

automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord A responsive impulse is sent along a motor neuron to a muscle causing a reaction ex the quick removal of the hand after touching a hot surface

157
Q

reproductive system

A

body system that includes the ovaries uterine tubes uterus and vagina in the female and the testes prostate gland penis and urethra in the male this system performs the function of procreation and passing on the genetic code from one generation to another

158
Q

respiratory system

A

body system consisting of the lungs and air passages enables breathing which supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product

159
Q

ribs

A

twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax

160
Q

risorius

A

muscle that drwas the corners of the mouth out and back when grinning

161
Q

scapula

A

aka known as Shoulder blade one of a pair of large flat triangular bones of the shoulder

162
Q

sensory nerves

A

carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensation such as touch cold heat sight hearing taste smell pain and pressure are exprienced sensory nerve endings called receptors are located close to the surface of the skin

163
Q

seventh cranial nerve

A

aka facial nerve the chief motor nerve of the face emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck

164
Q

skeletal system

A

physical foundation of the body composed of the bones and movable and immovable joints

165
Q

skin

A

external protective coating that covers the body the body’s largest organ acts as a barrier to protect body systems from the outside elements part of the integumentary system

166
Q

smaller occipital nerve

A

aka lesser occipital nerve located at the base of the skull affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear

167
Q

soluble

A

capable of being dissolved or liquefied

168
Q

sphenoid bone

A

forms the sides of the eye socket

169
Q

spinal cord

A

portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk and is protected by the spinal column

170
Q

sternum

A

aka breast bone the flat bone that forms the ventral support of the ribs

171
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

the muscle extending alongside of the neck from the ear to the collarbone acts to rotate the head from side to side and up and down

172
Q

supinate

A

when muscles rotate for example in the forearm the radius turns outward and the palm upward

173
Q

supraorbital nerve

A

affects the skin of the forehead scalp eyebrow and upper eyelid

174
Q

supratrochlear nerve

A

affects the skin between the eyes and upper side of the nose

175
Q

systemic circulation

A

aka general circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart

176
Q

temporal bones

A

bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region

177
Q

temporal nerve

A

affects the muscles of the temple side of the forehead eyebrow eyelid and upper part of the cheek

178
Q

temporalis muscle

A