Anatomy and Phisiology Flashcards
1
Q
abduction
A
muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abduction separates the fingers.
2
Q
absorption.
A
The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells.
3
Q
accessory nerve
A
also known as eleventh cranial nerve, a type of motor nerve that controls the motion neck and shoulder muscles.
4
Q
adduction
A
muscles that draw a body part, such finger, arm or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extrmeity. In the hand adduction draws the fingers together.
5
Q
adenosine triphosphate ATP
A
transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.
6
Q
adipose tissue
A
a specialized connective tissue considered fat which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body.
7
Q
adrenal glands
A
glands that are located at the top of the kidneys assisting in the regulation of metabolis. stress response and blood pressure, and support of immune system health through the generation of specific hormones.
8
Q
anatomy
A
the study of human body structure, how the body parts are organizedm and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.
9
Q
aorta
A
the body’s largest artery, the arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
10
Q
arteries
A
thick-walled muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body.
11
Q
arterioles
A
small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.
12
Q
auricularis muscles
A
the three muscles of the ear and skin that work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward.
13
Q
auriculotemporal nerve
A
affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.
14
Q
autonomic nervous system ANS
A
the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles, glands and blood vessels and heart.
15
Q
belly
A
the middle part of the muscles.
16
Q
biceps
A
muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm
17
Q
blood
A
nutritive fluid circulating through the cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them.
18
Q
blood vessels
A
tubelike structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, veins, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules.\
19
Q
body systems
A
groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more funtions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems.
20
Q
brain
A
part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity.
21
Q
brain stem
A
structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain
22
Q
buccal nerve
A
affects the muscles of the mouth
23
Q
buccinator
A
the thin flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips, as in when blowing a whistle.
24
Q
capillaries
A
tiny, thin walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.
25
cardiovascular system
body system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body.
26
carpus
also known as wrist, a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.
27
cell membrane
part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell
28
cells
basic unit of all living things;capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life.
29
central nervous system CNS
cerebrospinal nervous system, consists of the brain spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.
30
cervical nerves
a branch of the facial nerve that affects the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.
31
cervical cutaneous nerve
a branch of the facial never that affects the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.
32
cervical vertebrae
the seven bones of the top part of the vertebrae located in the neck region.
33
circulatory system
aka cardiovascular system, controls the steady circulationof the blood throughout the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.
34
clavicle
aka collar bone. bone joining the sternum and scapula
35
common carotid arteries
arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck, located on either side of the neck having an internal and external branch.
36
connective tissue
fibrous tissue that binds together, protects and supports the various parts of the body suck as bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fat.
37
corrugator muscle
facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically
38
cranium
oval, ebony, case that protects the brain
39
defecation
elimination of feces from the body
40
deltoid
large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.
41
DNA deoxyribonucleic Acid
The blueprint material of genetic information contains all the information; contains all information that controls the function of every cell
42
depressor anguli oris
also known as triangularis muscles; muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth
43
diaphragm
muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing
44
digestion
a breakdown of food by mechanical amd ,ecjomca;
45
digestive enzymes
chemical that changes certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body.
46
digestive systems
also called the gastrointestinal system; responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes; consisting of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands and other organs.
47
digital nerve
sensory motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers
48
digits
aka phalanges; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones
49
ductless glands
aka endocrine glands; glands that release secretions called hormones directly into the blood
50
eleventh cranial nerve
aka accessory nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles
51
endocrine glands
aka ductless glands release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the entire body.
52
endocrine system
a group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body
53
enzymes
a group of complex proteins produced by living cells that act as catalysts in specific chemical reactions in the body such as digestion
54
epicranius
aka occipitofrontalis a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and includes the occipitalis and frontalis
55
epithelial tissue
protective covering on body surfaces such as the skin mucous membranes and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands.
56
ethmoid bone
light spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities
57
excretory system
group of organs including the kdineys , liver and skin, large intestine, and lungs that purify the body by elimination of waste matter
58
extension
when muscles straighten. when the wrist, had and fingers form a straight line for example
59
external jugular vein
vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face and neck
60
facial nerve
it is the chief motor nerve of the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck
61
fifth cranial nerve
aka trifacial or trigeminal nerve; it is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing it has 3 branches
62
flexion
when muscles move to pull the body part toward the core of the body such as when the biceps of the arm are activated toward the body.
63
frontal bone
bone forming the forehead
64
frontalis
front portion of the epicranius muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows draws the scalp forward and causes wrinkles across the forehead
65
gastrointestinal system
responsible for changing food into nutrients and waste also called the digestive system
66
glabella
the corregator and procerus muscles considered an area or region such as between eyebrows and or on the frontal bone, not specifically a muscle or a bone
67
glands
an organ that contributes to keeping the body in homeostasis by producing chemicals including hormones that are passed directly into the bloodstream because the glands have no duct system to travel through
68
greater auricular nerve
located at the side of the neck affects the face, ears neck and parotid gland
69
greater occipital nerve
located in the back of the head affects the scalp as fat up as the top of the head
70
heart
muscular cone shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system
71
histology
aka microscopic anatomy the study of the structure and composition of tissue
72
hormones
secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body or a body organ to stimulate functional activityor secretion such as insulin adrenaline and estrogen
73
humerus
uppermost and largest bone in the arm extending from the elbow to the shoulder
74
hyoid bone
U shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle
75
infratrochlear nerve
affects the membrane and skin of the nose
76
infraorbital nerve
affects the skin of the lower eyelid side of the nose upper lip and mouth
77
ingestion
eating or taking food into the body
78
inhalation
breathing in through the nose or mouth oxygen is absorbed by the blood
79
insertion
point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more movable joint
80
integumentary system
the skin and its accessory organs such as the oil and sweat glands sensory receptors hair and nails
81
internal jugular vein
vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck
82
interstitial fluid
a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells and provides the cells with nutrients and a method of removing cell waste; the the fluid contains components that are involved in blood clotting and wound healing
83
joint
connection between two or more bones of the skeleton
84
kidneys
one of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating waste and waste products
85
lacrimal bones
smallest most fragile thin bones located in the front inside wall of the orbits eye sockets
86
latissimus dorsi
large flat triangular muscle covering the lower back
87
lesser occipital nerve
aka smaller occipital nerve located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear
88
levator labii superioris muscle
a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip. It is sometimes called the quadratus labii superioris
89
levator anguli oris
a muscle associated with smiling
90
levator palpebrae superioris muscle
thin muscle that controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application
91
liver
a gland in the abdominal cavity that secretes enzymes necessary for digestion synthesizes proteins and detoxifies the blood it regulates sugar levels in the blood and helps with decomposition of red blood cells and produces hormones necessary for body functions
92
lungs
main organs of the respiratory system. two of them, located on either side of the heart take oxygen from the environment and transfer it to the bloodstream. They also exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide during a breath
93
lymph
a liquid composed of chaning components in the interstitial fluid as the fluid is circulating throughout the body dispersing white blood cells and cell nutrients such as sugars fats and salts as well as absorbing toxins and waste
94
lymph node
gland like structure found inside lymphatic vessels filters the lymphatic and helps fight infection
95
lymphatic immune system
vital to the circulatory and immune systems; made up of lymph, lymph nodes thymus gland spleen and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the blood system the lymphatic and immune systems are closely connected in that they protect the body from disease by developing resistance and destroying disease causing microorganisms
96
mandible
lower jaw bone largest and strongest bone of the face.
97
mandibular nerve
affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip
98
masseter
one of the muscles that coordinates with the temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward sometimes referred to as chewing muscles
99
maxillae bones
form the upper jaw
100
maxillary nerve
affects the upper part of the face
101
median nerve
nerve smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves that supplies the arm and hand
102
melasma
also referred to as pregnancy mask a form of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentation on the cheeks jawline forehead and upper lip due to hormonal imbalances such as pregnancy birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy.
102
melasma
also referred to as pregnancy mask a form of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentation on the cheeks jawline forehead and upper lip due to hormonal imbalances such as pregnancy birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy.
103
mental nerve
affects the skin of the lower lip and chin
104
mentalis
muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin
105
metabolism
chemical processes taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities, the process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy
106
metacarpus
also known as palm consists of five long slender bones called metacarpal bones
107
mitochondria
a cell structure that takes in nutrients breaks them down and creates energy for the cell called ATP adenosine triphosphate
108
mitosis
mot
109
motor nerves
carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement
110
muscle tissue
tissue that contracts and moves various parts of body
111
muscular system
body system that covers shapes and suppoprts the skeletal tissue contracts and moves various parts of the body
112
nape
back of the neck
113
nasal bones
bones that form the bridge
114
nasal nerve
affects the point and lower side of the nose
115
nasalis muscle
two-part muscle that covers the nose
116
nerve tissue
tissue that coordinates and controls all body functions
117
nerves
whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted
118
nervous system
body system composed of the brain spinal cord and nerves controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work efficiently in sync with each other
119
neurology
the scientific study o the structure function and pathology of the nervous system
120
neuron
aka nerve cell cells that make up the nerves brain and spinal cord and transmit nerve impulses
121
nucleoplasm
Fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA determines our genetic makeup
122
nucleus
the central part core in anatomy and histology the dense active protoplasm found in the center of a cell that acts as the genetic control center it plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism
123
occipital bone
hindmost bone of the skull below the parietal bones forms the back of the skull above the nape
124
occipitalis
back of the epicranius muscle that draws the scalp backward
125
ophthalmic nerve
affects the skin of the forehead upper eyelids and lower lips that compresses contracts puckers and wrinkles the lips
126
orbicularis oculi
ring muscle of the eye socket closes the eyelid
127
orbicularis oris
flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses contracts puckers and wrinkles the lips .
128
organelles
small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function
129
organs
structures composed of specialized perform specific functions in plants and animals
130
origin
part of the muscle that does not move it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle
131
ovaries
function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics
132
pancreas
Secretes enzyme producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates proteins and fats the islet of langerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production
133
parathyroid glands
regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous system and muscular systems can function normally
134
parietal bones
bones that form the sides and top of the cranium
135
pectoralis major and minor
muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.
136
peripheral nervous system
PNS system of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral nervous system has both sensory and motor nerves
137
Peristalis
moves food along the digestive tract
138
peristalsis
moves food along the digestive tract
139
phalanges
also known as digits the bones in the fingers three in each finger and two in each thumb totaling 14 bones
140
physiology
study of the functions or activities performed by the body's structure
141
pineal gland
a gland located in the brain plays a major role in sexual development sleep and metabolism
142
Pituitary gland
a gland found in the center of the head the most complex organ of the endocrine system affects almost every physiologic process of the body growth blood pressure contracting during childbirth breast milk production sexual organ functions in both women and men thyroid gland function and the conversion of food into energy
143
plasma
fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secretions to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells
144
platelets
aka thrombocytes much smaller than red blood cells contributes to the blood clotting process which stops bleeding
145
platysma
broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip
146
posterior auricular nerve
affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull
147
procerus
muscle that covers the bridge of the nose depresses the eyebrow and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose
148
pronate
when muscles turn inward for example when the palm faces downward
149
protoplasm
colorless jellylike substances in cells contains nutrients such as protein fats carbohydrates mineral salts and water
150
pulmonary circulation
sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified then back to the heart again
151
quadratus labii superioris
a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip it is sometimes called the levator labii superioris
152
radial nerve
a sensory motor nerve that with its branches supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand
153
radius
smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb
154
receptors
sensory nerve endings located closest to the surface of the skin
155
red blood cells
blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs
156
reflex
automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord A responsive impulse is sent along a motor neuron to a muscle causing a reaction ex the quick removal of the hand after touching a hot surface
157
reproductive system
body system that includes the ovaries uterine tubes uterus and vagina in the female and the testes prostate gland penis and urethra in the male this system performs the function of procreation and passing on the genetic code from one generation to another
158
respiratory system
body system consisting of the lungs and air passages enables breathing which supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product
159
ribs
twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax
160
risorius
muscle that drwas the corners of the mouth out and back when grinning
161
scapula
aka known as Shoulder blade one of a pair of large flat triangular bones of the shoulder
162
sensory nerves
carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensation such as touch cold heat sight hearing taste smell pain and pressure are exprienced sensory nerve endings called receptors are located close to the surface of the skin
163
seventh cranial nerve
aka facial nerve the chief motor nerve of the face emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck
164
skeletal system
physical foundation of the body composed of the bones and movable and immovable joints
165
skin
external protective coating that covers the body the body's largest organ acts as a barrier to protect body systems from the outside elements part of the integumentary system
166
smaller occipital nerve
aka lesser occipital nerve located at the base of the skull affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear
167
soluble
capable of being dissolved or liquefied
168
sphenoid bone
forms the sides of the eye socket
169
spinal cord
portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk and is protected by the spinal column
170
sternum
aka breast bone the flat bone that forms the ventral support of the ribs
171
sternocleidomastoid
the muscle extending alongside of the neck from the ear to the collarbone acts to rotate the head from side to side and up and down
172
supinate
when muscles rotate for example in the forearm the radius turns outward and the palm upward
173
supraorbital nerve
affects the skin of the forehead scalp eyebrow and upper eyelid
174
supratrochlear nerve
affects the skin between the eyes and upper side of the nose
175
systemic circulation
aka general circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart
176
temporal bones
bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region
177
temporal nerve
affects the muscles of the temple side of the forehead eyebrow eyelid and upper part of the cheek
178
temporalis muscle
