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CETP Exam Prep > Anatomy And Neuroanatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Neuroanatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the goat

A

Sidra Madeeha Talat Ahmad

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2
Q

What is the function of respiration/ breathing in humans?

A

Exchange of gas between an organism and its environment. In humans it provides us with oxygen. Supplies the energy for speech

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3
Q

What is the normal rhythmic cycle of respiration in adults?

A

12-18x a minute in adults

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4
Q

What is phonation?

A

Voicing with the structures and processes that help produce voice

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5
Q

What is resonation and at what level is it produced at?

A

Modification of the voice. Produced at the laryngeal level due to the dynamics of the various supralaryngeal cavities and structures

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6
Q

What is articulation?

A

Production of speech sounds in isolation and in connected speech

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7
Q

What is the structural framework allowing for respiration?

A

Lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum and rib cage

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8
Q

What is the difference between inhalation and expiration?

A

Inhalation allows oxygen into the blood stream
Exhalation helps get rid of mixed air and gasses which result from respiratory metabolism

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9
Q

What structure in the brain allows for impulse firing controlling the respiratory muscles?

A

Medulla oblongata of the brainstem

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10
Q

Which part of the brain is the medulla oblongata found within?

A

Brainstem

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11
Q

What happens to the chest cavity and lungs when we inhale?

A

We have contraction of the diaphragm and other muscles which allow expansion of the chest cavity and lungs

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12
Q

How does air enter the lungs when we inhale?

A

When the lungs expand, the pressure in the lungs (alveolar pressure) is reduced. The outside atmospheric pressure is higher than the alveolar pressure so air moves in

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13
Q

Is speech produced during inhalation or expiration?
Is the duration of exhalation longer during silent periods or during speech?

A

Speech is produced during exhalation, the duration of exhalation during speech tends to be longer than during silent periods

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14
Q

What % of normal tidal breathing cycle is expiration, how about inspiration?

A

During the normal tidal breathing cycle, expiration is 60% and inspiration is the remaining 40%

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15
Q

What percent of tidal breathing during speech is expiration?

A

When speaking, the ratio of the tidal breathing cycle becomes 90% exhalation and 10% inhalation.

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16
Q

Describe the normal inhalation process

A

Chest and lungs expand -> diaphragm muscle lowers -> air flows in through mouth and nose -> air goes down pharynx and between the open vocal folds -> air continues down through the trachea and bronchial tubes -> air reaches lungs

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17
Q

What % of total capacity are lungs inflated at rest?

A

40%

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18
Q

Where are the lungs located?
Which lung is bigger? Why?

A

Thoracic cavity
Right lung is shorter, broader and bigger than left. The right lung is shorter because the liver under it forces it upwards. Left is smaller because heart takes up its space as well.

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19
Q

How many lobes are in each lung?

A

Right has 3 lobes, left has 2

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20
Q

What is the size of the trachea?

A

11 cm + 2 rings of cartilage

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21
Q

What happens to the last tracheal ring?

A

It bifurcates into the right and left primary bronchi

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22
Q

What are bronchi? What are they composed of?

A

Tubes extending from trachea. Composed of cartilage rings

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23
Q

What are the rings in the bronchi bound together by?

A

Fibroelastic tissue

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24
Q

What do the bronchi divide into as we approach the lungs?

A

Subdivide into bronchioles - forming the bronchial tree

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25
How many vertebrae are in the spinal column? What are the subdivisions of the spinal column?
32-33 vertebrae. 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 3-4 coccygeal
26
Which portion of the spinal column have points of attachment for the ribs?
Thoracic vertebrae
27
Which vertebrae are the largest?
Lumbar vertebrae
28
What are the portions of the sternum?
Manubrium, corpus, xiphoid/ensiform process
29
How many ribs are there? What is the functions of the ribs in respiration?
12. Ribs have some mobility which allow the rib cage to elevate during inspiration
30
Where is the diaphragm located? What is the function of the diaphragm? Which tendon is involved?
Floor of the chest cavity. It is the primary muscle of inspiration. The muscle fibers insert at the central tendon of the diaphragm and contract to pull the tendon down and forward. This expands the thoracic cavity
31
What are the internal intercostal muscles? What do they do? How many are there?
Muscles between the ribs. These pull the ribs down to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. There are 11 intercostal muscles.
32
What are the external intercostal muscles? How many are there? What do they do?
Muscles between the ribs. There are 11 paired external intercostal muscles which raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation
33
Which muscles allow for rib cage elevation?
External intercostal, serratus posterior superior, levator costarum brevis, levator costarum longus
34
What is the role of accessory muscles of the neck?
These muscles are attached to the first 2 ribs and indirectly enlarge the vertical dimensions of the thorax.
35
What are the accessory muscles of the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, scalenes
36
What is the role of the muscles of the shoulder and upper arm?
Move the rib cage and increase its diameter and its dimensions
37
What are the muscles of the shoulder and upper arm?
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior and levator scapulae
38
What are the two posterior thoracic muscles involved in respiration? What is their function?
Subcostal muscle and serratus posterior inferior muscle. These support exhalation
39
What muscles are involved with expiration?
Latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus, internal oblique abdominus and quadratus lumborum.
40
Which structure lies on the top of the trachea and houses the vocal folds?
Larynx
41
What kind of mechanism does the larynx use? What is its function?
Uses a valving mechanism which opens and closes. It houses the vocal cords/folds which vibrate to produce sounds
42
What is the position of the vocal folds at rest?
The vocal folds are abducted at rest. During speech and sounds they will vibrate, adducting and abducting
43
What is the function of larynx with respect to food?
Larynx allows for the closure of the trachea so that food and other substances do not enter the lungs.
44
Which structure allows for the cough reflex? What is its function?
The larynx produces the cough reflex which functions to expel foreign substances which accidentally enter the trachea
45
During excretion and lifting heavy items, which structure closes the vocal folds to build subglottic pressure?
Larynx
46
Which bone does the larynx suspend from?
Hyoid bone
47
What are the key larynx cartilages?
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, Corniculate cartilage, cuniform cartilage.
48
Which of the cartilage of the larynx is the largest?
Thyroid cartilage (TC)
49
What is the function of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Primarily responsible for controlling sound production
50
What are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
1. Thyroarytenoid - attached to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilage. Consists of the internal and external thyroarytenoid 2. Adductor muscles - lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid and oblique arytenoid 3. cricothyroid 4. Posterior cricoarytenoid - the only Abductor muscle of the vocal folds
51
What innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles? What is the only exception?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) branch of the vagus nerve (CN X) innervates most muscles The exception is cricothyroid muscle which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)
52
What is the function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Primary function is the support the larynx and fix its position
53
Where are the ELM (extrinsic laryngeal muscles) attached to?
Attached to hyoid bone - they lower and or raise the position of the larynx in the neck
54
What is the role of the elevator/suprahyoid muscles? Where do they attach?
These muscles attach above the hyoid bone. They function to elevate the larynx
55
What are the elevator/suprahyoid muscles?
Digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus and Genioglossus
56
What are the depressors/ infrahyoid muscles? What is their function?
Depress the larynx. These attach below the hyoid bone. Muscles include thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles
57
Which nerves innervate the extrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Branches of the trigeminal, facial, vagus, hypoglossal (CN5,7,10,12) and portions of the cervical spine nerves C1-C3
58
What are the layers of tissue in the vocal folds?
1. Epithelium, 2. lamina propria (middle layer which has its own 3 layers) 3. vocalis muscle body
59
What other folds are there? What do they do?
Aryepiglottic folds - ring of connective tissue and muscle which separates the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx. Helps preserve the airway Ventricular/false vocal folds - vibrate at low frequency, not during typical phonation but rather they compress during cough or heavy lifting
60
What is the Myoelastic - Aerodynamic theory?
Vocal folds vibrate because of the force and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds. Air flowing out of the lungs is temporarily stopped by the almost closed vocal folds. The builds subglottal pressure which forces the folds apart eventually and setting them into vibration.
61
What is the Bernoulli effect?
Occurs when the velocity of gas or fluid increases as it passes through a constriction. In the vocal folds, the speed of air undergoes the Bernoulli effect.
62
What happens in mucosal wave action?
The cover (epithelium+superficial lamina propria = Reinke’s space) and the transition (intermediate and deep lamina propria) slide and produce a wave. This wave allows for vibration and phonation
63
What happens to the mucosal wave action in vocal folds that have been surgically stripped I.e during the removal of abnormal vocal growth?
The folds become stiff and vibrate inefficiently due to alteration of the normal mucosal wave action
64
What cortical areas are involved in vocal mechanism?
Area 4 (primary motor nerve) Area 44 (Broca’s area) Area 1,2,3 (somatosensory cortex) Area 6 (supp. Motor cortex)
65
What is the role of the cerebellum in the vocal mechanism?
Function is the regulate motor movement. Allows for coordination of the laryngeal muscles for phonation and helps with respiration
66
Which cranial nerves are involved with vocal mechanism?
CN7 - facial nerve which innervates posterior belly of digastric muscle CN10 - vagus nerve SLN and RLN innervate larynx
67
What is SLN? What are its branches?
SLN has an internal and external branch. Internal branch receives all sensory information from larynx, external branch provides motor interaction to the cricothyroid muscle
68
What is RLN ?
Provides motor interaction to the intetarytenoid, posterior cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid and lateral cricothyroid muscles. Also receives sensory information below the vocal folds
69
What are the key structures in articulation?
Pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, mandible, teeth, tongue, lips and cheeks. These structures allow for resonated tone - production of speech sounds
70
What is resonant frequency?
The frequency at which a cavity best vibrates. Depends on the shape and size of the cavity
71
What happens to resonance frequency if a cavity gets smaller?
Smaller cavity - high resonant frequency Larger cavity - low resonant frequency
72
What are the resonators for laryngeal tone?
Pharynx Nasal cavity Oral cavity - primary resonating structure for English sounds
73
What is the source fit theory/acoustic theory of vowel production?
The S-FT depicts the vocal tract as a series of linked tubes which provide the variable resonating cavity. Energy from the vibrating vocal folds(source) is modified by the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract(filter)
74
According to the S-FT what determines the sound of a consonant vs a vowel?
Speech sounds May be vowels if the source is phonation. Speech sounds may be consonants when the sources include turbulence or friction or combinations
75
What are the segments of the pharyngeal cavity?
Laryngopharynx -larynx to tongue base Oropharynx - tongue base to soft palate Nasopharynx - soft palate to nostrils
76
Which structure add resonance to sounds produced by the larynx? Which structures add noticeable resonance to nasal sounds only?
Laryngopharynx and oropharynx add resonance to sounds , the nasopharynx adds resonance to nasal sounds only
77
What nerves are most pharyngeal muscles innervated by?
CNX and CNXI via the pharyngeal plexus
78
What is the pharyngeal plexus?
Plexus formed by the joining of the CNX and CNXI, travels and innervates the upper pharyngeal musculature

CETP Exam Prep (1 decks)

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