Anatomy and Medical Terminology Flashcards
Anatomy
Comes from a Greek root that means “to cut apart.”
Gross Anatomy
Is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification.
Microscopic Anatomy
Is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices.
Regional Anatomy
Is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen. Studying regional anatomy helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other structures work together to serve a particular body region.
Systemic Anatomy
Is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function.
Physiology
Is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life.
Homeostasis
Is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.
Chemical Level
Atoms bond to form molecules with three dimensional structures.
Cellular Level
A variety of mollecules combine to form the fluid and organelles around of the body of a cell.
Tissue Level
A community of similar cells form a body tissue.
Organ Level
Two or more different tissues combine to form an organ.
Organ System Level
Two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system.
Organismal Level
Many organ system work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism.
Cell
Is the smallest living independently functioning unit of a living organism.
Organelles
A water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units.
Tissue
Is a group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
Organ
Is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types.
Organ System
Is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions to meet physiological needs of the body.
Integumentary System
-Encloses internal body structures.
-Site of many sensory receptors.
Skeletal System
-Supports the body.
-Enables movement(with muscular system).
Muscular System
-Enables movement(with skeletal system)
-Helps maintain body temperature.
Nervous System
-Detects and processes sensory information
-Activates bodily responses
Endocrine System
-Secretes hormones
-Regulates bodily processes
Cardiovascular System
-Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
-Equalizes temperature in the body.
Lymphatic System
-Returns fluid to blood
-Defends against pathogens
Respiratory System
-Removes carbon dioxide from the body.
-Delivers oxygen to blood.
Digestive System
-Processes food for use by the body.
-Removes wastes from undigested food.
Urinary System
-Controls water balance in the body.
-Removes wastes from blood and excretes them.
Male Reproductive System
-Produces sex hormones and gametes.
-Delivers gametes to female.
Female Reproductive System
-Produces sex hormones and gametes.
-Supports embryo/fetus until birth.
-Produces milk for infant.
Organism
Is a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life.
Anabolism
Is the process whereby smaller, simpler, molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances.
Catabolism
Is the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules. Catabolism releases energy.
Metabolism
Is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body. They both occur simultaneously and continuously to keep you alive.
Adenosine Triphospate (ATP)
Chemical compound to store and release energy.
Responsiveness
Is the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments.
Development
Is all the changes the body goes through in life.
Differentiation
In which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body.
Growth
Is the increase in body size.
Reproduction
Is the formation of a new organism from parent organisms.
Nutrient
Is a substance in foods and beverage that is essentials to human survival.
What are the three basic classes of nutrients?
-Water
-Micronutrients(vitamins and minerals).
What is the biggest component of cells?
Water
What percentage of an adult’s body mass is water?
70%
Controlled Hypothermia
Often is used, for example, during open-heart surgery because it decreases the metabolic needs of the brain, heart, and other organs, reducing the risk of damage to them.
Pressure
Is a force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance.
Atmospheric Pressure
Is pressure exerted by the mixture of gases (primarily nitrogen and oxygen) in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Decompression Sickness (DCS)
Is a condition in which gases dissolved in the blood or in body tissues are no longer dissolved following a reduction in pressure on the body.
Set Point
Is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates.
Normal Range
Is the restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable.
Negative Feedback
Is a mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point. This helps maintain body parameters within their normal range.
Sensor
Also referred to a receptor.
Control Center
Is the component in a feedback system that compares the value to the normal range.
Effector
Is the component in a feedback system that causes to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range.
Positive Feedback
Intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it.
Perfusion
Penetration of blood
Oxytocin
Hormone
Ex: Stimulates uterine contractions and pushes baby toward cervix.
Anatomical Position
Is that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward.
Anterior(Ventral)
Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body.
Ex: The toes are anterior to the foot.
Prone(Dorsal)
Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body.
Superior(Cranial)
Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper.
Inferior(Caudal)
Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper.
Lateral
Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body.
Medial
Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body.
Proximal
Describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
Distal
Describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
Superficial
Describes a position closer to the surface of the body.
Ex: The skin is superficial to the bones.
Deep
Describes a position farther from the surface of the body.
Ex: The brain is deep to the skull.
Section
Is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut.
Plane
Is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body.
How many planes are commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine?
Three
Sagittal Plane
Is the plane that divides the body or organ vertically into the right or left sides.
Midsagittal Plane(Median)
If a vertical plane runs down the middle of the body.
Parasagittal Plane(Longitudinal)
Divides the body into unequal right and left sides.
Frontal Plane
Is the plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion.
Transverse Plane
Is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions.
What are the largest body compartments?
Doral (posterior) and Ventral (anterior)
Cranial Cavity
Houses the brain
Spinal Cavity
Encloses the spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity
Is the more superior subdivision of the anterior cavity. Houses the lung and heart.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Is the largest cavity in the body. It houses the digestive organs and reproductive organs.
Serous Membrane (Serosa)
Is one of the thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Pleura
Is the serous membrane that encloses the pleural cavity; this cavity surrounds the lungs.
Pericardium
Is the serous membrane that encloses the pericardial cavity; surrounds the heart.
Peritoneum
Is the serous membrane that encloses the peritoneal cavity, the peritoneal cavity surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Wilhelm Rontgen (1845- 1923)
Created X-rays by discovering mysterious and invisible “rays” that would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with metal compound.
X-Ray
Is a form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases.
Computed Tomography (CT)
Is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays in order to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals.
Functional MRIs (fMRIs)
Detect the concentration of blood flow in certain parts of the body, are increasingly being used to study the activity in parts of the brain during various body activities.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Is a medical imaging technique involving the use of so-called radiopharmaceuticals, substances that emit radiation that is short-lived and therefore relatively safe to administer to the body.
Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?
Regional Anatomy
A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(an)?
Exercise Physiologist
The smallest independently functioning biological unit of an organism is a(n)?
Cell
A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an?
Organ
The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________.
Skeletal System
Metabolism can be defined as the ________.
Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________.
- Is the result of catabolism
- Releases energy in uncontrolled bursts
- Stores energy for use by body cells
Cancer cells can be characterized as “generic” cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________.
Differentiation
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________.
Oxygen
True or False: All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival?
True
True or False: being stuck in a very cold car your body would respond by?
Breaking down stored energy.
After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________.
A control center
Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________.
Sweat glands to increase their output.
Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?
Childbirth
What is the position of the body when it is in the “normal anatomical position?”
The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides.
To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________.
Midsagittal plane
The lumbar region is ________.
Inferior to the gluteal region
The heart is within the_____.
Mediastinum
In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win?
X-Rays
Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells?
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
What is used for imaging studies that can be used most safely during pregnancy?
Ultrasounds
What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans?
1) High Cost
2) Shielding from the magnetic signals
