Anatomy And Imaging Flashcards
Which cardiac vessel is called the “Widowmaker” and why?
Left Anterior Descending Artery
Most often blocked in a heart attack
How is the heart kept in its normal position
The pericardium is attached to the sternum AND mediastinal portions of right and left pleura
What is the mediastinum?
Thoracic cavity between the lungs
State the structure and function of the Pericardium
Structure: A fibroserous sac
Function: Encloses heart and the roots of the great vessels
Name the two layers of the pericardium
Outer fibrous
Inner serosal
Compare the 2 parts of the Inner Serosal layer in the Pericardium
Visceral Pericardium: Adheres to external wall of the heart
Parietal Pericardium: Lines Outer Fibrous layer, formed when Visceral Pericardium reflects back on itself
What is the Pericardial cavity
What does it do?
- Space between Visceral and Parietal Pericardium
- Consists of pericardial fluid which reduces friction
How are the Right and Left Phrenic nerves associated with the pericardium
Right: Moves along pericardium of right atrium to innervate diaphragm
Left: Moves along pericardium of left ventricle to innervate diaphragm
Compare the Transverse and Oblique Pericardial Sinuses
Transverse: A passage between Aorta and Pulmonary Artery posteriorly and the Superior Vena Cava anteriorly
Oblique: The pericardial “cul-de-sac” behind the heart, which opens into the pericardial space
What is the Endocardium?
Single layer of epithelial cells that lines the surface of the valves and the interior surface of the chambers
What is the Myocardium
Thickest layer of the heart and consists of bundles of cardiac muscle cells
What is the Epicardium?
Outermost heart layer, another name for the Visceral Pericardium
Which blood vessels emanate from the Pericardium Superiorly and Inferiorly
Inferiorly: Inferior Vena Cava
Superiorly: Superior Vena Cava, Aorta, Pulmonary Artery
What is external to the Myocardium
A layer of connective tissue and adipose tissue, through which pass the Larger vessels and nerves that supply the heart muscle
Compare the functions of the 3 vessels which drain into the right atrium
Vena Cavae: Returns deoxygenated blood from systemic veins
Coronary Sinus: Returns deoxygenated blood from cardiac veins
Which vascular structures enter the left atrium
4 Pulmonary veins
What is on the floor of the right atrium
What are the 4 valves
Tricuspid valve
Semilunar:
- Aortic valve
- Pulmonary valve
Atrioventricular:
- Tricuspid (Right)
- Bicuspid/ Mitral (Left)
What is the Aortic Vestibule
A smooth-walled part of the ventricular cavity just below the Aortic valve
What gives the right ventricle a sponge-like appearance
A number of irregular bridges- Trabeculae Carnae
How does the right ventricle help to prevent Tricuspid valve opening during systole
Contains 3 Papillary muscles which project into chamber via their tendons (Chordae Tendineae)
These attach to edges of Tricuspid valve leaflets and contract
Describe the function and location of Cardiac Veins
Function: Return blood from myocardial capillaries to the right atrium, mainly from coronary sinus
Location: Lie in epicardial fat, superficial to their arterial counterparts
Name the Major veins in the thorax
Name the major Arteries in the thorax
Vein: Superior Vena Cava
Arteries: Descending (Thoracic) Aorta + its Intercostal branches
Name the major veins in the abdomen
Inferior Vena cava
Right, Left Renal Veins
Right, Left Testicular Veins
Name the major arteries in the abdomen
Abdominal Aorta + its paired branches
Celiac Artery
Superior, Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Suprarenal Arteries
Renal Arteries
Ovarian, Testicular Arteries + unpaired branches
Name the major veins in the pelvis
Name the major arteries in the pelvis
Common Iliac Vein
External Iliac Vein
Internal Iliac Vein
Common Iliac Artery
External Iliac Artery
Internal Iliac Atery
Name the Major Veins in Lower Limb
Femoral
Popliteal
Great Saphenous
Small Saphenous
Name the major arteries in the lower limb
Femoral
Popliteal
Anterior, Posterior Tibial
Name the major veins in the upper limb
Subclavian
Cephalic
Basilic
Median Cubital
Name the major arteries in the upper limb
Subclavian Axillary Brachial Radial Ulnar
Name the major veins in Head and Neck
External Jugular
Internal Jugular
Left, Right Braciocephalic
Name the major Arteries in Head and Neck
Braciocephalic trunk Common Carotid Internal Carotid External Carotid Superficial Temporal Facial Maxillary
What are 6 methods of Cardiac Imaging
X-Ray
Ultrasound
Nuclear
CMR (Cardiac MRI)- Excellent for soft tissues
CT- Excellent for bones and vasculatue
Cardiac 1/3 all imaging
How do you calculate Cardiac/ Thoracic ratio
What is the upper limit of normal
Maximum heart diameter/ maximum thorax diameter
50%
What is the Dicrotic Notch
When Aortic valve closes after blood is ejected from ventricle.
Small increase in aortic blood pressure
What is the average Cardiac Output for an average adult male
How do you calculate Cardiac Output
- 5 Litres/ min
- Heart Rate* Stroke Volume
What results from a thickened pericardium
Thickening and calcification of the pericardium
Chambers unable to expand
-> Hypertension
What is one very good method of ultrasound to use when imaging valves
Transoesophogeal Echocardiography
Valves very close to Oesophagus
How does enlargement of the heart cause “regurgitation”
Valve leaflets become stretched, don’t close properly so some Regurgitation occurs
What are the 3 main Coronary Arteries
Which supplies most of heart muscle
- Right Coronary (Branches from aorta)
Circumflex + Left Anterior Descending (Branch from Left main artery from aorta
- LAD Supplies most of heart muscle
Where is the Left Anterior Descending Artery
Runs down front of heart, in the Interventricular groove
Where is the Circumflex Artery
What does it supply
Runs towards back of heart, supplies posterior part of left ventricle
Where is the Right Coronary Artery
Runs down front of heart, Supplies most blood to right ventricle
