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CVS > Anatomy And Imaging > Flashcards

Anatomy And Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Which cardiac vessel is called the “Widowmaker” and why?

A

Left Anterior Descending Artery

Most often blocked in a heart attack

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2
Q

How is the heart kept in its normal position

A

The pericardium is attached to the sternum AND mediastinal portions of right and left pleura

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3
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Thoracic cavity between the lungs

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4
Q

State the structure and function of the Pericardium

A

Structure: A fibroserous sac

Function: Encloses heart and the roots of the great vessels

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5
Q

Name the two layers of the pericardium

A

Outer fibrous

Inner serosal

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6
Q

Compare the 2 parts of the Inner Serosal layer in the Pericardium

A

Visceral Pericardium: Adheres to external wall of the heart

Parietal Pericardium: Lines Outer Fibrous layer, formed when Visceral Pericardium reflects back on itself

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7
Q

What is the Pericardial cavity

What does it do?

A
  • Space between Visceral and Parietal Pericardium

- Consists of pericardial fluid which reduces friction

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8
Q

How are the Right and Left Phrenic nerves associated with the pericardium

A

Right: Moves along pericardium of right atrium to innervate diaphragm

Left: Moves along pericardium of left ventricle to innervate diaphragm

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9
Q

Compare the Transverse and Oblique Pericardial Sinuses

A

Transverse: A passage between Aorta and Pulmonary Artery posteriorly and the Superior Vena Cava anteriorly

Oblique: The pericardial “cul-de-sac” behind the heart, which opens into the pericardial space

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10
Q

What is the Endocardium?

A

Single layer of epithelial cells that lines the surface of the valves and the interior surface of the chambers

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11
Q

What is the Myocardium

A

Thickest layer of the heart and consists of bundles of cardiac muscle cells

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12
Q

What is the Epicardium?

A

Outermost heart layer, another name for the Visceral Pericardium

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13
Q

Which blood vessels emanate from the Pericardium Superiorly and Inferiorly

A

Inferiorly: Inferior Vena Cava

Superiorly: Superior Vena Cava, Aorta, Pulmonary Artery

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14
Q

What is external to the Myocardium

A

A layer of connective tissue and adipose tissue, through which pass the Larger vessels and nerves that supply the heart muscle

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15
Q

Compare the functions of the 3 vessels which drain into the right atrium

A

Vena Cavae: Returns deoxygenated blood from systemic veins

Coronary Sinus: Returns deoxygenated blood from cardiac veins

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16
Q

Which vascular structures enter the left atrium

A

4 Pulmonary veins

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17
Q

What is on the floor of the right atrium

What are the 4 valves

A

Tricuspid valve

Semilunar:

  • Aortic valve
  • Pulmonary valve

Atrioventricular:

  • Tricuspid (Right)
  • Bicuspid/ Mitral (Left)
18
Q

What is the Aortic Vestibule

A

A smooth-walled part of the ventricular cavity just below the Aortic valve

19
Q

What gives the right ventricle a sponge-like appearance

A

A number of irregular bridges- Trabeculae Carnae

20
Q

How does the right ventricle help to prevent Tricuspid valve opening during systole

A

Contains 3 Papillary muscles which project into chamber via their tendons (Chordae Tendineae)

These attach to edges of Tricuspid valve leaflets and contract

21
Q

Describe the function and location of Cardiac Veins

A

Function: Return blood from myocardial capillaries to the right atrium, mainly from coronary sinus

Location: Lie in epicardial fat, superficial to their arterial counterparts

22
Q

Name the Major veins in the thorax

Name the major Arteries in the thorax

A

Vein: Superior Vena Cava

Arteries: Descending (Thoracic) Aorta + its Intercostal branches

23
Q

Name the major veins in the abdomen

A

Inferior Vena cava

Right, Left Renal Veins

Right, Left Testicular Veins

24
Q

Name the major arteries in the abdomen

A

Abdominal Aorta + its paired branches

Celiac Artery

Superior, Inferior Mesenteric Artery

Suprarenal Arteries

Renal Arteries

Ovarian, Testicular Arteries + unpaired branches

25
Q

Name the major veins in the pelvis

Name the major arteries in the pelvis

A

Common Iliac Vein
External Iliac Vein
Internal Iliac Vein

Common Iliac Artery
External Iliac Artery
Internal Iliac Atery

26
Q

Name the Major Veins in Lower Limb

A

Femoral
Popliteal
Great Saphenous
Small Saphenous

27
Q

Name the major arteries in the lower limb

A

Femoral
Popliteal
Anterior, Posterior Tibial

28
Q

Name the major veins in the upper limb

A

Subclavian
Cephalic
Basilic
Median Cubital

29
Q

Name the major arteries in the upper limb

A 
Subclavian 
Axillary
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
30
Q

Name the major veins in Head and Neck

A

External Jugular
Internal Jugular
Left, Right Braciocephalic

31
Q

Name the major Arteries in Head and Neck

A 
Braciocephalic trunk
Common Carotid
Internal Carotid
External Carotid
Superficial Temporal
Facial 
Maxillary
32
Q

What are 6 methods of Cardiac Imaging

A

X-Ray

Ultrasound

Nuclear

CMR (Cardiac MRI)- Excellent for soft tissues

CT- Excellent for bones and vasculatue

Cardiac 1/3 all imaging

33
Q

How do you calculate Cardiac/ Thoracic ratio

What is the upper limit of normal

A

Maximum heart diameter/ maximum thorax diameter

50%

34
Q

What is the Dicrotic Notch

A

When Aortic valve closes after blood is ejected from ventricle.

Small increase in aortic blood pressure

35
Q

What is the average Cardiac Output for an average adult male

How do you calculate Cardiac Output

A
  • 5 Litres/ min

- Heart Rate* Stroke Volume

36
Q

What results from a thickened pericardium

A

Thickening and calcification of the pericardium
Chambers unable to expand
-> Hypertension

37
Q

What is one very good method of ultrasound to use when imaging valves

A

Transoesophogeal Echocardiography

Valves very close to Oesophagus

38
Q

How does enlargement of the heart cause “regurgitation”

A

Valve leaflets become stretched, don’t close properly so some Regurgitation occurs

39
Q

What are the 3 main Coronary Arteries

Which supplies most of heart muscle

A
  • Right Coronary (Branches from aorta)

Circumflex + Left Anterior Descending (Branch from Left main artery from aorta

  • LAD Supplies most of heart muscle
40
Q

Where is the Left Anterior Descending Artery

A

Runs down front of heart, in the Interventricular groove

41
Q

Where is the Circumflex Artery

What does it supply

A

Runs towards back of heart, supplies posterior part of left ventricle

42
Q

Where is the Right Coronary Artery

A

Runs down front of heart, Supplies most blood to right ventricle

CVS (15 decks)

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