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Renal Physiology > Anatomy and Histology of Urinary System > Flashcards

Anatomy and Histology of Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

Functions of the kidneys

A

Removes metabolic waste from the blood by filtration and excretion
Regulates BP (by renin angiotensin mechanism)
Regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes
Helps to stabilise pH
Conserves valuable nutrients
Reabsorption of small molecules (amino acids, glucose and peptides)
Produces erythropoietin

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3
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

A stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow

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4
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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5
Q

What makes up a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscles and renal tubules

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6
Q

What makes up a uriniferous tubule?

A

Nephron and collecting duct

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7
Q

What makes up renal corpuscules?

A

Glomerulus and bowens capsule

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8
Q

Two parts of the kidney

A

Cortex

Medulla

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9
Q

What is found in the cortex of the kidney?

A

Renal corpuscles
Proximal convoluted tubules (cuboidal and microvilli)
Distal convoluted tubules (cuboidal)
Collecting tubule (cuboidal)

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10
Q

What is found in the medulla of the kidney?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules
Distal convoluted tubules
Loop of Henle (thin segment; squamous epithelium)

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11
Q

Epithelium of the ureter

A

Transitional epithelium

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12
Q

Shape of the ureters lumen

A

Star shaped

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13
Q

Muscle of the ureter

A

Inner longitudinal smooth muscle

Outer circular smooth muscle

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14
Q

What is an important marker of chronic kidney disease?

A 
High protein (albumin) level in urine
GFR by serum creatinine
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15
Q

What does GFR stand for?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

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16
Q

Where do the kidneys lie?

A

T12 - L3

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17
Q

Peritonisation of the kidneys

A

Partly peritonised

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18
Q

Which kidney is lower and why is this?

A

Right

Due to liver

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19
Q

Layers of the capsule and fascia of the kidney

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Renal capsule
  3. Perirenal fat
  4. Renal fascia
  5. Pararenal fat
20
Q

Where is the perirenal fat found?

A

Between renal capsule and renal fascia

21
Q

Where is the pararenal fat found?

A

Outside of the renal fascia

22
Q

From medulla to ureter, what are the structures?

A

Medulla -> pyramid -> papilla -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> pelvis -> ureter

23
Q

Natural constrictions of the ureter

A

Passes over the inferior renal pole
Passes behind testicular or ovarian vessels
Crosses over external iliac vessels
Transverses the bladder wall

24
Q

Order of the vessels in the kidneys anterior to posterior

A

VAP

  • vein
  • artery
  • pelvis
25
Q

What are the renal arteries a branch of?

A

Abdominal aorta

26
Q

How many renal arteries do you have?

A

1 on each side

27
Q

Branches of each renal artery

A

Segmental (5x)
Interlobar (supply each nephron)
Arcuate (pass around circumference)

28
Q

How many renal veins do you have?

A

1 on each side

29
Q

Where do the renal arteries drain to?

A

IVC

30
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the kidneys

A

Lateral aortic lymph nodes

31
Q

Nerve supply to the kidneys

A

Renal plexus

  • sympathetic T10 - L1
  • sensory afferent
32
Q

What is the trigone and where is it found?

A

Smooth triangle of the bladder

33
Q

Function of the rugae of the bladder

A

Allows the bladder to extend to large volumes

34
Q

Where does the median umbilical ligament come from?

A

Embryonic urachus

35
Q

What surface of the bladder is peritonised?

A

Superior

36
Q

Arterial supply to bladder

A

Branches of internal iliac arteries

37
Q

Venous drainage of bladder

A

Tributaries of the internal iliac veins

38
Q

Lymphatic supply of bladder

A

External iliac to the suprapubic part

Internal iliac to the infrapubic part

39
Q

Nerve supply of the bladder

A

Sympathetic T11-L2 (constrict internal urethral sphincter)
Parasympathetic S2-S4 (motor to detrusor muscles)
Afferent/sensory and pain and distention - parasympathetic fibres mainly
Somatic; pudendal nerve (external urethral sphincter)

40
Q

Parts of the male urethra

A
  1. Pre-prostatic / intramural
  2. Prostatic
  3. Membranous / intermediate
  4. Spongey / penile
41
Q

What is found in the deep perineal pouch?

A

External urethral sphincter

Bulbourethral gland/duct

42
Q

What type of muscle is found in the external urethral sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle

43
Q

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra?

A

Membranous

44
Q

What is the widest part of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic

45
Q

What is the longest part of the male urethra?

A

Spongey

Renal Physiology (7 decks)

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