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M1 Respi UNFINISHED > Anatomy and Histology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the components of the upper respiratory tract.

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis

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2
Q

Name the components of the lower respiratory tract.

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles

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3
Q

What are the the parts of the sternum?

A

the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process

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4
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture bounded by?

A

The first thoracic vertebra, superior border of manubrium, 1st pair of ribs and 1st costal cartilage

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5
Q

What is the inferior thoracic aperture bounded by?

A

12th thoracic vertebra, lower 6 costal cartilages, xiphisternal joint

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6
Q

How do synovial and fibrous joints differ?

A

Synovial joints generally allow more movement than cartilaginous joints, while fibrous/cartilaginous joints are usually fixed and immovable, without any joint cavity

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7
Q

Name the three synovial joints present in the thoracic wall.

A
  1. the costovertebral and costotransverse joints in-between the ribs and vertebrae
  2. the interchondral joints in-between the costal cartilages
  3. the sternoclavicular joints in-between the sternum and clavicles
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8
Q

Describe the bodies, spines, and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae.

A

Bodies: medium sized, heart shaped, have costal facets to articulate with the heads of ribs

Spines: long and inclined downward

Transverse processes: usually have costal facets to articulate with the tubercles of ribs (note that T11 and T12 have no costal facets on the transverse processes)

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9
Q

Describe the parts of a typical rib.

A

• Head with two facets
• Neck
• Tubercle
• Shaft: Costal (subcostal) groove protects the intercostal vein, artery and nerve

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10
Q

Describe the atypical ribs.

A

1st rib: broad, short, sharply curved, two grooves on the superior surface (for subclavian vessels, separated by scalene tubercle and ridge), only one facet on their heads

2nd rib: thinner, less curved and much longer than the first rib

10-12th rib: only one facet on their heads
11-12th rib: short, have no necks or tubercles

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11
Q

What does the breast consist of?

A

Mammary gland tissue, fibrous tissue, ligaments, septa, fat,

arteries (internal mammary, anterior intercostal, lateral thoracic branch of axillary),

veins (internal mammary, intercostal - posterior and anterior, axillary - lateral thoracic tributary),

lymphatics (internal thoracic nodes, axillary nodes),

nerves (intercostal - 2nd to 6th anterior and lateral cutaneous branches)
note: the nipple is innervated by the 4th intercostal nerve

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12
Q

How do hormones affect the mammary glands?

A

• Estrogen results in increased duct growth
• Progesterone results in increased glandular buds

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13
Q

Where does the anterior intercostal artery arise from?

A

Internal mammary artery or its terminal branch (musculophrenic artery)

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14
Q

Where does the posterior intercostal artery arise from?

A

For the two upper spaces: costocervical trunk (a branch from the subclavian artery)

For the other spaces: aorta

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15
Q

Where do anterior intercostal veins drain?

A

Internal mammary veins

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16
Q

Where do posterior intercostal veins drain?

A

Azygos venous system or brachiocephalic veins

(Azygos vein terminates in the superior vena cava)

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17
Q

What are the portions of the diaphragm?

A

• peripheral muscular part
• central aponeurotic part
–> muscular fibres arise from xiphoid process, lower Ribes and upper lumbar vertebrae, converging in the central tendon

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18
Q

Which structures pass through the diaphragm, at what level?

A
  1. Inferior vena cava (T8 level)
  2. Esophagus (T10 level)
  3. Aorta (T12 level)

(more posteriorly)
4. Vagus nerve (T10 level)
5. Thoracic duct (T12 level)
6. Azygos vein (T12 level)

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19
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

• motor innervation to the diaphragm (injury to the phrenic nerve will cause paralysis if the hemidiaphragm)
• sensory innervation to the central part of the diaphragm
• sympathetic innervation to the blood vessels

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20
Q

What are the superficial thoracic muscles, and what is their purpose?

A

• pectoralis major
• subclavius
• pectoralis minor
• serratus anterior

Their purpose is to act as accessory muscles of respiration.

21
Q

Describe the intercostal muscles and their supply.

A
  1. External intercostal muscles: run downwards and forwards, elevate the ribs, for inspiration
  2. Internal intercostal muscles:
    run downwards and backwards, depress the ribs, for expiration
  3. Innermost intercostal muscles (aka sternocostalic and transverse thoracis): run downwards and backwards

The intercostal muscles are supplied by intercostal arteries and veins, and innervated by intercostal nerves.

22
Q

What happens when the external intercostal muscles contract?

A

Increase in the transverse diameter of the ribcage (bucket handle), increase in the anteri-posterior diameter of the ribcage (pump handle)

23
Q

What happens when there is a contraction of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

Decrease in the transverse diameter of the ribcage (bucket handle), decrease in the anteri-posterior diameter of the ribcage (pump handle)

24
Q

What do the pulmonary cavities contain?

A

The lungs and pleurae

25
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of the lungs.

A

• The lungs have an apex, base, 3 surfaces (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) and 3 borders (anterior, posterior, inferior)
• The lungs have horizontal (right lung) and oblique (both lungs) that divide the lung into 3 lobes (right lung) and 2 lobes (left lung)

26
Q

What is the hilum of the lungs?

A

The 2D area on the mediastinal surface of the lung through which structures enter/leave the lung

27
Q

What is the root of the lung and what does it contain?

A

The root of the lung is a tubular collection of structures that come in/out from the hilum of the lung, containing a main bronchus (bronchial artery supplies the whole root), a pulmonary artery (also supplies the root), 2 pulmonary veins, bronchial vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.

28
Q

What are the two layers of the pleura?

A

• Visceral pleura: surrounds the lung
• Parietal pleura: contains the cervical pleura, the diaphragmatic pleura, the mediastinal pleura, the cervical pleura
(in-between the two layers is the pleural cavity, which contains serous pleural fluid)

29
Q

What are the structures medial to or in the root of the left lung?

A

Medial to: Aortic arch, esophagus, thoracic aorta, heart
In the root of: (superior to inferior) Pulmonary a rtery, b ronchus, pulmonary v eins

30
Q

What are the structures medial to or in the root of the right lung?

A

Medial to: Superior vena cava, esophagus, heart, azygos vein, inferior vena cava
In the root of: (superior to inferior) b ronchus, pulmonary a rtery, pulmonary v eins

31
Q

How is the pleura innervated?

A

Visceral pleura: is innervated by the pulmonary plexus, feels no pain
Parietal pleura: is innervated by the intercostal nerves (T1-T11) for cervical and costal pleurae, by the phrenic nerve (C3-C5) for mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleurae, and may refer pain to neck and shoulder

32
Q

Name the bronchus segments from largest to smallest.

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Conducting bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Bronchopulmonary segments (10 in each lung)
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

33
Q

What are the 4 points of lung auscultation?

A

Apex of right lung
Superior lobe of right lung
Middle lobe of right lung
Inferior lobe of right lung

34
Q

What are the boundaries of the triangle of safety?

A

Lateral edge of pectoralis major, base of axilla, 5th intercostal space, lateral edge of latissimus dorsi muscle

35
Q

In a chest x-ray, what does the mnemonic ABCDEF stand for?

A

While checking an x-ray, monitor for:
Airway
Bones
Cardiac outline
Diaphragm
Effusions
Fields
to check if there are pathological signs

36
Q

Name the parts of the nasal cavity.

A

Hard palate (as the floor)
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone (as the roof)
Nasal septum (as the medial wall)
Conchae (as the lateral wall)

37
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinus

38
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

An inflammatory process involving one or more of the paranasal sinuses, causes swelling and obstruction of drainage orifices

39
Q

What are the parts of the pharynx?

A

The nasopharynx (located at the internal nares), the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx (located at the larynx)

Hence, the pharynx extends between the internal nares and larynx

40
Q

What is the soft palate?

A

• extension of the hard palate
• oral surface is lined by stratified squamous epithelium
• nasal surface is lined by respiratory epithelium

41
Q

Name the differences between the upper and lower respiratory tract.

A

• Purpose: URT involved in conduction of air, LRT involved in gas exchange
• Cells: URT lined by pseudostratified epithelium, LRT lined by the simple stratified epithelium
• Infections: URTIs include flu, cold, laryngitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, LRTIs include pneumonia, tuberculosis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis

42
Q

Describe the histology of the larynx.

A

• lingual and apical surface area covered with stratified squamous epithelium
• at the base of the epiglottis, the epithelium transits into ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (with serous and mucous glands underneath)
• false vocal cords are covered with the typical respiratory epithelium
• true vocal cords are covered with a stratified squamous epithelium

43
Q

Describe the position of the trachea in the thoracic cavity (honestly we probably don’t need to know this)

A

trachea begins at C6 vertebrae and ends at the sternal angle between T4 and T5

anteriorly: sternum, left brachiocephalic vein, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, arch of aorta

posteriorly: esophagus, left recurrent laryngeal nerve

left: aortic arch, left common carotid artery, left phrenic nerve, left vagus nerve, left subclavian nerve

right: azygos vein, right vagus nerve

44
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of the trachea.

A

• C-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage and interconnected by fibroelastic tissue
• rings keep the trachea open and prevent its collapse under negative pressure

45
Q

Describe the differences between the right and left main bronchus/bronchioles.

A

• the RMB is wide while the LMB is narrow
• the RMB makes an angle of 25degrees with the trachea, while the LMB makes an angle of 45degrees with the trachea - hence the right lung is more likely to aspire a foreign body
• the RMB is shorter while the LMB is longer
• the RMB has 10 bronchopulmonary segments while the LMB has 8 bronchopulmonary segments
• the RMB has 3 secondary bronchioles while the LMB has 2 secondary bronchioles

46
Q

Describe the histological characteristics of tertiary bronchioles.

A

• no cartilage and mucus glands
• presence of smooth muscles
• columnar epithelium

47
Q

Describe the 5 types of cells present in histological examination of alveoli.

A

• capillary endothelial cells
• type 1 epithelial cells to form alveolar epithelium
• type 2 epithelial cells to produce surfactant
• interstitial cells such as fibroblasts
• alveolar macrophages to digest debris

48
Q

what cells are found in the respiratory epithelium mucosa?

A
  1. ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells
  2. mucous goblet cells
  3. brush cells
  4. basal cells (stem cells)
  5. small granule cells

below this epithelial layer: lamina propria (filled with connective tissue, vessels and mucous glands)

M1 Respi UNFINISHED (1 decks)

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