Anatomy and Histology Flashcards
Surface anatomy of right and left pleura
Anterior border:
right pleura: extends vertically from sternoclavicular joint, to xiphiosternal.
Left: similar course, but at the level of the 4th costal cartilage, deviates laterally, and extends to lateral margin of sternum to for cardiac notch. The turn to xiphesternal notch.
Inferior border: It passes around chest wall. At 8th rib mid clavicular, at 10th rib mid axillary, 12th rib at vertebral column.
Posterior border: Starts at T12 spine and extends to T1
Courses and branches of typical intercostal nerve
Nerves come out through intervertebral foramen and runs behind sympathetic chain. It then runs through the costal grove under the cover of the lower border of the rib behind internal intercostal muscles. Then finally, anteriorly the nerve crosses in front of the internal thoracic vessels. It then pierces the intercostal muscles, and pec major to end as cutaneous branches.
Give beginning course and end of internal mammary artery. Name it’s branches. Mention it’s clinical importance.
Origin: lower aspect of subclavian artery
It descends downwards and medially behind the clavicle in front of the apex of the lung. It enters thorax through thoracic inlet. It descends vertically behind upper 6 costal cartilages and intervein in the costal spaces
Mediastinal branches
Thymic branches
Pericardiacophrenic artery
Sternal branches
Bronchial branches
Tracheal branches
It ends by dividing into its terminal branches, superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries.
Gives blood supply to parietal pleura
Enumerate relations below arch of Aorta
- Bifurcation of pulmonary trunk.
- Left principal bronchus.
- Ligamentum arteriosum.
- Superficial cardiac plexus.
- Left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Enumerate the openings of right atrium
- Opening of SVC
- Opening of IVC
- Opening of coronary sinus
- Opening of anterior cardiac veins
Enumerate four events at sternal angle
Beginning of arch of aorta
End of arch of aorta
End of ascending aorta
Beginning of descending aorta
Bifurcation of pulmonary trunk.
Enumerate four structures on right and left side of thoracic part of trachea
Right: right vagus nerve, right brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava and azygos vein
Left: aortic arch, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, left common carotid artery and left subclavian
Four constriction of esophagus
At its beginning
where it crosses arch of aorta
Where it crossed by left principle bronchus
Where it passes through the esophageal op of diaphragm.
Give course and tributaries of the thoracic duct. Mention regions of the body drained by it.
It begins in the abdomen, at the level of the lower border of T12,
It enters the thorax by passing through the aortic opening of the diaphragm
It traverses the thorax first in the posterior mediastinum then in the superior mediastinum to enter the root of the neck.
1-Posterior intercostal nodes: drain parts of the thoracic wall.
2-Posterior mediastinal nodes: drain the esophagus, pericardium and diaphragm.
Enumerate the structures found in lower concave aspect of arch of aorta
Lt principle bronchus
Ligamentum arteriosum
Superficial cardiac plexus
Lt recurrent laryngeal
What are the structures posterior and to the right aspect of aortic arch
- Trachea.
- Deep cardiac plexus
- esophagus
- Left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
- Thoracic duct
Mention the branches and distribution of right coronary
Marginal Artery
Posterior interventricular artery
Right conus artery
Small branches
Distribution:
Whole right atrium
Whole right ventricle, except band on sternocostal surface
A band of the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle
Posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum
The whole conducting system.
List branches of descending thoracic aorta
1- Nine pairs of posterior intercostal arteries (from 3rd to 11th).
2- One pair of subcostal arteries.
3- Two left bronchial arteries.
4- Four esophageal branches.
5- Few small twigs to the pericardium, mediastinum and diaphragm.
Mention the site formation and branches of the superficial cardiac plexus
Site: it lies in the concavity of the arch of the aorta, on the right anterior surface of the ligamentum arteriosum.
Formation: 2 branches
Superior cervical cardiac branch
Inferior cervical cardiac branch
Branches: deep cardiac plexus, right coronary plexus and left pulmonary plexus.
Mention the site formation and branches of the deep cardiac plexus
In front of bifurcation of trachea
Formed by all cardiac branches
Branches:
Right and left atrial branches
Right and left coronary plexus
Right and left anterior pulmonary plexus.
Enumerate branches of the arch of aorta
Brachiocephalic artery
Left subclavian
Left common carotid
Define bronchopulmonary segments and describe their shape and distribution in right and left lung. Give a clinical related significance.
Def: bronchopulmonary segment is a functionally independent unit of lung tissue supplied by segmental bronchus.
Each segment is wedge shaped having an apex at the hilium and a base at surface of lung.
Right 10:
upper lobe: apical, posterior and anterior
middle lobe: lateral and medial
Lower: superior basal, medial basal anterior basal, lateral basal and posterior basal
Left 8:
Upper lobe: apicoposterior anterior superior lingular and inferior lingular
Lower: superior basal, anterior basal , lateral basal and posterior basal.
Clinical imp: if one segment is diseased, it can be removed and rest of lung is kept.
Give an account of the sinuses of the serous pericardium
There are two types:
Transverse sinus: a transverse passage between the arterial and the venous end of the heart. It connects the right and left sides of the pericardial cavity.
Oblique sinus: it is a blind recess of the pericardial cavity which extends upwards between the left atrium and fibrous pericardium.
Give an account on the azygos and hemiazygos venous system
The azygos vein is a vein that connects the back of the IVC with the SVC. It has two main branches: the superior and inferior hemiazygos veins
If there is an obstruction above the entrance of the azygos vein, the venous drainage of the upper 1/2 of the body is diverted to reach the heart via the azygos vein
Compare necrosis and apoptosis
Necrosis: pathological due to anoxia, mechanical injury
LM: Swell and burst, darkly stained nuclei with condensed chromatin
Fate: phagocytosed by macrophage
Apoptosis: can be patho or physiological
LM: do not swell decrease in size: darkly stained nuclei with condensed chromatin.
fate: phagocytosed by macrophage
Difference between meiosis and mitosis in site, division number, crossing over separation and daughter cell.
Mitosis:
Site: somatic
Single division
NO cross over or exchange of genes
Centromeres divide into chromatids
Two somatic cell diploid
Meiosis:
testes or ovaries
Two successive divisions with no S phase
crossover leads to gene exchange
Chromosomes moves towards one pole
Four haploid cell
Explain what Barr bodies are
inactive coiled X chromosome present in nuclei of female cells.
Describe and define alveolar epithelium and the blood air barrier
Alveolar epithelium:
Type I pneumocyte: flat nuclei, tight junctions, provide thin membrane for gas exchange
Type II pneumocyte: Central round nucleus, rich in organelles. lined with microvilli, secrete surfactant.
Blood air barrier components: cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte, surfactant, basal lamina of pneumocyte type I and basal lamina of capillary endothelial cells.
Describe the blood thymic barrier
its a wall that separates T-lymphocytes in the cortex from antigens in the circulating blood. It allows T lymphocytes to multiply and differentiate without being attacked by foreign antigens.
It contains endothelium, basal lamina, pericyte
Difference between medium sized artery and vein
Medium sized artery:
T media is thicker than adventitia
Elastic lamina, so they retain shape
Medium sized vein:
Thin wall. T advenatia is thicker than media, has valves T media is high in collagen.
Mention site and function clara cell
Clara cell are dome shaped non-ciliated, found in bronchiolar epithelium
Function: may act as stem, protect against emphysema, protection of bronchiolar epithelium, degregation of inhaled toxins
List the differences between the olfactory mucosa and respiratory mucosa. in thickness of epithelium, goblet cells, cilia and basement membrane.
Olfactory mucosa: thicker epithelium, absent goblet cells, non motile cilia, thin basement membrane
Respiratory: Thinner epithelium, present goblet cell, has lots of cilia. thick basement
What is the blood air barrier
structures through which gas exchange occurs. It comprises four layers:
1) pulmonary surfactant.
2) The cytoplasm of Type II pneumocytes
3) basal lamina of type I alveolar cells and capillary
4) endothelial cells of blood capillaries
