anatomy and cells Flashcards
Anatomy
The branch of science that explains the structure of thebody Examines the form and how it is organized
Physiology
The branch of science that explains the function of the body
Examines what the body does and how it does it
Levels of Organization
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
CellTissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
movement
change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ
responsiveness
reaction to a change taking place inside or outside the body
growth
increase in body size without changing shape
respiration
obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods
reproduction
production of new organisms and new cells
digestion
breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used
absorption
passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
circulation
movement of substances from place to place in body fluids
assimilation
changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
excretion
removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
Requirements for Life
Water Foods Oxygen Heat Pressure
Superior
above or closer to the head
inferior
below or closer to the feet
anterior (ventral)
toward the front
posterior (dorsal)
toward the back
medial
toward the middle or mid-line
lateral
toward the side
proximal
closer to the point of attachment
distal
farther from a point of attachment
superficial
near the surface
deep
more internal
sagittal
division to create a left and right side
transverse
division to create a superior and inferior portion
coronal
division to create an anterior and posterior portion
upper right ab region
right hypochondriac
upper mid ab region
epigastric region
upper left ab region
left hypochondriac
mid right ab region
right lumbar
mid ab region
umbilical region
mid left ab region
left lumber
bottom right ab region
right iliac
bottom mid ab region
hypogastric region
bottom left ab region
left iliac
body covering
Integumentary System
Skin Hair Nails Sweat glands
Protect tissues, help regulate body temperatures, and house sensory receptors
support and movement
Skeletal System
Bones Ligaments Cartilage
Provide a framework for the body Muscular System
Muscles Provide force to move body parts
integration and coordination
Nervous System
Brain Spinal cord Nerves Sense organs Create nerve impulses that communicate throughout the body
Endocrine System
Glands that secrete hormones Communication for the body that occurs over a long period of time.
transport
Cardiovascular System
Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, and Blood.
Transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.
Defend the body against infections by removing tissue fluid
absorption and excretion
Digestive System
Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine.
Break down food molecules to be absorbed
Respiratory System
The nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs move air in and exchange gases
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Remove waste from blood
reproduction
reproductive system
cell membrane
Thin, flexible, and selectively permeable.
Composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A tubular network that transports molecules from one part of the cell to another.
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus
Refines, packages, and delivers proteins that are made on ribosomes attached to the ER
mitochondria
Major site of chemical reactions that transform energy into ATP molecules
lysosomes
Break down nutrient molecules or foreign molecules
microfilaments and microtubules
Threadlike strands in the cytoplasm.
Help to provide cell motility and movement.
Highly abundant in muscle cells
centrosome
Aid the cell in preparing for cellular division
Cilia & Flagella
Aid in cell movement
Especially significant in sperm cells
nucleolus
Small dense body composed of RNA and protein
Site where ribosomes form
chromatin
Loosely coiled fibers of DNA and protein
passive mechanisms to move through cell membrane
Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis
active mechanisms to move through cell membrane
Active Transport Endocytosis Exocytosis
diffusion
Molecules scatter from a region of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Concentration Gradient
facilitated diffusion
Uses carrier molecules to transport substances in or out of the cell.
Still from a region of high concentration to low concentration.
Ion channels or pores in the cell membrane
osmosis
Special case of diffusion when it is water molecules moving the greater the concentration of nonpermeable solute particles in a solution, the lower the water concentration of that solution and the greater the osmotic pressure
isotonic
same osmotic pressure as body fluid
hypertonic
higher osmotic pressure than body fluid (more stuff)
hypotonic
less osmotic pressure than body fluid (less stuff)
active transport
Moves particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
ATP energy is required.
Sugars, amino acids, sodium, calcium, and hydrogen are all actively transported across cell membranes
stages of the cell cycle
Interphase Cell Division Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
interphase
The period when a cell grows and prepares for division
G1: cell growth
S: genetic material replicates (synthesis) G2: more growth
prophase (prepare)
2 centriole pairs move to opposite ends of the cell.
Nuclear envelope disappears
metaphase (middle)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
anaphase (apart)
The chromatids are pulled apart and separate
telophase (two)
Chromosomes unravel and unwind into chromatin
2 Nuclear envelopes begin to form
cytokinesis
divisions of the cytoplasm
cell differentiation
The process of specialization
stem cells
When they divide, they produce one stem cell and one progenitor cell
cell death (apoptosis)
Normal programmed cell death
Sunburn peeling
Webbing between fingers and toes in the womb
