ANATOMY

Question 1

what is the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

the vertical central axis of the body including the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Question 2

what is the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 2

all the bones of the upper and lower limbs including the shoulder and pelvis girdle

Question 3

what bones make up the shoulder girdle?

Answer 3

the clavicle and scapula

Question 4

what bones make up the pelvic girdle?

Answer 4

hip bones, sacrum, coccyx

Question 5

what are the functions of long bones?

Answer 5

leverage

Question 6

what are the functions of short bones?

Answer 6

stability, support and allow for some movement

Question 7

what are the functions of flat bones?

Answer 7

muscle attachment and protect internal organs

Question 8

what are the functions of irregular bones?

Answer 8

to protect internal organs

Question 9

what are the functions of pneumatic bones?

Answer 9

to reduce the overall weight, distribute forces and maintain tone of voice

Question 10

what are primary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 10

synchondroses- bones and hyaline cartilage meet

Question 11

what are secondary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 11

where bones with articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage are held together by tough fibrocartilage

Question 12

what are the features of tendons?

Answer 12

allow muscles to act at a distance
allow changes in the line of pull
store elastic energy
subject to friction so are protected by several anatomical features

Question 13

what are sesamoid bones?

Answer 13

bones contained within tendons

Question 14

what is a bursa?

Answer 14

a thin lubricated cushion between bones and soft tissue which aim to reduce fritcion

Question 15

what are the different types of skeletal muscle?

Answer 15

circular
convergent
paralel fusiform
parallel non-fusiform
unipennate
bipennate
multipennate

Question 16

what are circular muscle?

Answer 16

where muscle fibres are arranged concentrically around an opening

Question 17

what are convergent muscles?

Answer 17

where the origin is wider than the point of insertion

Question 18

what are parallel fusiform muscles?

Answer 18

where the muscles fibres are arranged parallel to each other but the diameter at the centre is greater than at the end

Question 19

what are parallel non-fusiform muscles?

Answer 19

where muscle fibres are all arranged parallel to each other but the diameter stays the same

Question 20

what are unipennate muscles?

Answer 20

where muscle fibres attach obliquely to one side of the tendon

Question 21

what are bipennate muscles?

Answer 21

where muscle fibres converge from both sides and attach obliquely to a central tendon

Question 22

what are multipennate muscles?

Answer 22

where diagonal muscle fibres are in multiple rows with a central tendon that branches into multiple tendons.