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anatomy Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Name all the parts of the upper limb.

A 
Axilla 
Arm
Elbow/Cubital fossa
Forearm 
Wrist
Hand
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2
Q

Name all the parts of the lower limb.

A 
Inguinal region/groin 
Thigh
Knee/Popliteal fossa
Leg
Ankle
Foot
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3
Q

what is the superficial fascia?

A

the subcutaneous tissue which consists of loose connective tissue and fat

it varies in depth and contains Superficial blood vessels, cutaneous nerves, lymphatics and sweat glands

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4
Q

what is the deep fascia?

A

layer of dense connective tissue which covers most of they body deep to skin and superficial fascia and divides the limbs into compartments

relatively tough and sheet like with a white appearance

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5
Q

Give examples of deep fascia tissue in the upper limb and what they lie over.

A
  1. Pectoral fascia - pectoral muscles
  2. Deltoid fascia - deltoid muscles
  3. Brachial fascia - brachium
  4. antebrachial fascia - antebrachium
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6
Q

Give examples of deep fascia in the lower limb and what they lie over.

A

Fascia lata - the thigh

crural fascia - the leg

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7
Q

what is the iliotibial tract?

A

thickened band of the fascia lata on the lateral aspect

inserts onto the ilium superiorly

inserts onto the tibia inferiorly

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8
Q

what does it mean when the deep fascia is described as “investing” in internal structure?

ii. what is special about deep fascia in the limbs ?

A

it surrounds deep structures in the body

ii. deep fascia not only invests in muscles but also has intermuscular septa which form fascial compartments. Muscles in the same compartments have the similar actions and same nerve supply. This helps contains infection and tumours and help venous return

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9
Q

What is the arterial supply to the upper limbs?

A
  1. subclavian artery ( under the clavicle)
  2. axillary artery
  3. brachial artery - gives off deep brachial artery
  4. brachial artery bifurcates into radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial)
  5. Deep and superficial palmar arteries in the hand
  6. Metacarpal and digital arteries ( 4 digital arteries per digit)
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10
Q

what is the arterial supply of the lower limb?

A
  1. external iliac artery
  2. external iliac artery passes under the inguinal ligament to form the femoral artery
  3. Femoral artery gives rise to the deep femoral artery ( supplies the thigh via perforator branches)
  4. femoral artery continues artery to the popliteal artery (just posterior to the knee)
  5. Popliteal branches bifurcates at the popliteal fossa to form anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries
  6. anterior tibial artery forms dorsalis pedis artery
  7. posterior tibial artery bifurcates into medial and lateral plantar arteries
  8. Arcuate artery ( dorsal arch artery) and deep plantar arch artery
  9. metatarsal & digital arteries ( remember digital arteries for both fingers and toes are the only blood supply for the digits there are no collaterals)
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11
Q

Name all the sites in the limbs where you can get peripheral pulses?

A

Neck:
bifurcation of the common carotid artery

Upper limb:
brachial artery
radial artery

Lower limb: 
femoral artery
popliteal artery 
posterior tibial artery 
dorsalis pedis artery
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12
Q

Compare the differences between superficial and deep veins?

A

Superficial

  1. Run in superficial fascia
  2. highly variable patterns
  3. Smaller and thinner in comparison to deep veins
  4. drain into deep veins

Deep

  1. Larger and thicker in comparison to superficial
  2. often occur in neurovascular bundle
  3. more predictable patterns
  4. run deep to deep fascia
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13
Q

Where does the cephalic vein rise from

ii. where does it travel through and drain into?

A

its a superficial vein which arises from the dorsal venous network

ii. the lateral aspect of the upper limb and travels superiorly through the deltopectoral groove and then drains into the axillary vein

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14
Q

where does the basilic vein from arise from?

ii. where does it travel through and drain into?

A

it is a superficial vein which arises from the dorsal venous network

ii. travels up the medial aspect of the upper limb travels up to mid arm level to drains into the brachial vein?

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15
Q

which vein in the cubital fossa which joins cephalic and the basilic vein?

ii.what is this used for?

A

median cubital vein

ii.venipuncture

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16
Q

Give some examples of common variants of the the superficial veins in the cubital fossa?

A
  1. median cephalic vein
  2. median basilic vein
  3. median vein of forearm

8% of patients have no connecting veins in the cubital fossa

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17
Q

where does the great saphenous vein arise from?

ii. where does it travel through and drain into?

A

It is a superficial vein which arises from the dorsal venous arch

ii. Lying immediately anterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia it travels superiorly in the medial aspect of the lower limb it is also 4 fingers width medial to the medial aspect of the patella. It runs along the saphenous nerve. It ends by piercing the deep fascia of the fascia lata in the region of the femoral triangle and then drains into the femoral vein

18
Q

where does the small saphenous vein arise from?

ii. where does it travel through and drain into?

A

the dorsal venous arch on the lateral side

ii. runs up the posterior midline of the leg it drains deep in the popliteal fossa into the popliteal vein which is posterior to the knee

19
Q

name the most common deep veins.

A
  1. Internal jugular vein
  2. subclavian vein

3, axillary vein

  1. brachial vein
  2. brachiocephalic vein
  3. SVC
  4. IVC
  5. radial and ulnar veins
  6. common and external iliac veins
  7. femoral vein
  8. deep femoral vein
  9. popliteal vein
  10. fibular vein
  11. anterior tibial vein
  12. posterior tibial vein

arches:

planter arch

superficial and deep palmer venous arches

20
Q

which deep veins are unilateral?

A

SVC

IVC

21
Q

where does venous blood flow from and where does it flow to?

A

Superficial veins into deep veins

perforating veins

22
Q

what is the role of the musculovenous pump?

A

pushes blood back towards the heart

23
Q

what is the role of the venous valves?

A

ensure unidirectional blood flow against gravity

incompetent valves result in reverse flow into superficial veins

24
Q

what is the role of arteriovenous pump role?

A

also pushes blood back towards heart - as artery expands due to contraction of the heart, the veins become flattened which also helps the venous blood move to the heart

25
Q

where does the superficial lymphatics of the upper limb arise from?

A

Plexuses in fingers and hand

26
Q

what do superficial lymphatics of the upper limb follow?

A

the cephalic or basilic veins

those following the basilic vein will pass and drain into the cubital lymph nodes and then into the lateral axillary nodes

those following the cephalic vein normally drain straight into the apical axillary nodes

27
Q

what do deep lymphatics of the upper limb follow?

A

follow the deep veins of the upper limb

they drain into lateral axillary lymph nodes

28
Q

where do both axillary lymph nodes drain into?

A

the subclavian lymphatics

29
Q

what do the superficial lymphatics of the lower limbs follow?

ii. where do they drain into?

A

follow saphenous veins (great and small)

great saphenous vein: pass into superficial lymph nodes and then into the external iliac or deep inguinal nodes

small: pass into the popliteal lymph nodes then into deep inguinal nodes and then the external iliac nodes

30
Q

what do the deep lymphatics of the lower limbs follow?

A

deep veins of the lower limb

they drain into the popliteal lymph nodes and then deep inguinal nodes and then the external iliac nodes

31
Q

where do the externa iliac nodes drain into?

A

common iliac nodes and then the lumbar lymphatics

32
Q

what is ischaemia?

A

inadequate oxygenation due to an interruption to blood supply

either due to:

  1. reduced arterial perfusion
  2. increased venous drainage pressure - back pressure into capillary bed then into the arteriole preventing normal arterial in flow
33
Q

what are the causes of reduced arterial perfusion?

A

LVF

arterial bleed

arterial rupture (aneurysm)

occlusion of the lumen ( PVD)

arterial spasm

external compression of arterial supply

34
Q

what are the causes of increased venous drainage presure?

A

right cardiac failure

DVT

External compression (tumour)

35
Q

how does venous ulceration occur?

A
  1. venous pressure increases
  2. damages blood vessels in skin
  3. skin becomes dry, itchy and inflamed
  4. cannot heal well due to poor blood supply
  5. begins to break down
36
Q

what is the most common site of venous ulcerations?

A

gaiter area - Skin just proximal to the medial malleolus

37
Q

if a thrombus breaks, depending on the diameter what can it occlude?

A

small peripheral artery

segmental artery

lobar artery

pulmonary artery

pulmonary trunk - complete occlusion can occur via a saddle embolus

38
Q

what can venous stasis cause?

A

DVT

39
Q

state how the order of a red blood cell would pass through them when traveling from the lungs to the big toe from top to bottom.

A

Pulmonary vein

Left side of the heart

Aorta

Abdominal aorta

Common iliac artery

External iliac artery

Femoral artery

Popliteal artery

Dorsalis pedis

40
Q

state how the following vessels in the order a red blood cell would pass through them when returning to the heart from the big toe. Top to bottom with top being the first.

A

Deep plantar vein

Great saphenous vein

femoral vein

External iliac vein

Internal iliac vein

Abdominal vena cava

Inferior vena cava

right atrium

41
Q

Organise the layers of the scalp in order from superficial to deep of the body.

Skin

Loose connective tissue

Connective tissue

Periosteum

Aponeurosis

A

skin

connective tissue

aponeurosis

loose connective tissue

periosteum

My Dermatology (3 decks)

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