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NERVOUS > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

divisions of peripheral nervous system?

A

sensory and motor

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2
Q

motor divisions are?

A

somatic

autonomic - sympathetic/parasympatehtic

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3
Q

glial cells?

A

supporting cells FOR NEURONS

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4
Q

neurons?

A

structural and functional unit - carry impulses as AP

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5
Q

neuron made up of?

A

multiple dendrites and one axon

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6
Q

cytoplasm in cell body of neurone?

A

perikaryon

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7
Q

cytoplasm in axon?

A

axoplasm

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8
Q

what type of neutron is interneurons/motor?

A

multipolar

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9
Q

what type of neuron is sensory neurons?

A

pseudo unipolar

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10
Q

bipolar neurons?

A

olfactory muscosa retinal nerve fibers

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11
Q

myelin sheath does what?

A

increase conduction speed in axons by saltatory conduction

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12
Q

myelin sheath formed by what in PNS and CNS?

A

PNS - Schwann cells

CNS - OLIGODENDROCYTES

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13
Q

what occurs to axons in MS condition?

A

patchy loss scarring go myelin sheath - demyelination

thus conduction is affected across axons

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14
Q

white and grey matter made up of?

A

white matter - myelinated axons

grey mater - neuronal cell bodies

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15
Q

what are tracts?

A

bundles of myelinated axons - carrying specific info WHITE MATTER

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16
Q

types of tracts and what each is?

A

ascending tract - sensory

descending tract - motor

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17
Q

ascending tracts names?

A

spino-

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18
Q

descending tracts names?

A

-spinal

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19
Q

dorsal and ventral root correspond to what?

A

dorsal root - sensory - posterior

ventral root - motor - anterior

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20
Q

COLLECTION of grey matter inside brain/wm?

A

nuclei/ganglia

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21
Q

ependymal cells?

A

line ventricles - part of CNS

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22
Q

MICROGLIA?

A

phagocytosis and scar tissue formation in CNS

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23
Q

astrocytes?

A

in cns

have end feet
surround synapses and capillaries and help K+ buffering

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24
Q

satellite cells?

A

in PNS

surround neuronal cell bodies

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25
Q

blood brain barrier function in brain?

A

protective mechanism that helps maintain stable environment for brain and prevents harmful amino acids and ions enter brain

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26
Q

where is BBB absent?

A

in some areas - parts of hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

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27
Q

how lipid and water soluble molecules travel across BBB?

A

LIPID soluble- can freely travel - oxygen/water

water-soluble - pump mediated - glucose/aa

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28
Q

3 parts of brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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29
Q

why/where can we branches of middle meningeal artery?

A

over surface of scalp - extra dural

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30
Q

falx cerebri?

A

seperates 2 cerebral hemispheres

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31
Q

tentorium cerebelli?

A

separates hemispheres from cerebellum

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32
Q

lateral ventricles?

parts
where

A

2 of them - c shaped

in cerebral hemispheres

anterior horn
posterior horn
inferior horn

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33
Q

inter ventricular foramen?

A

of munro

connects 3rd ventricle with lateral ventricle

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34
Q

cerebral aqueduct?

A

lies in midbrain

of SYLVIUS

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35
Q

4TH VENTRICLE?

A

LIES IN hindbrain - between pons/medulla

diamond shaped

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36
Q

where is 3rd ventricle?

A

in diencephalon

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37
Q

what is contained in ventricles?

A

CSF fluid

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38
Q

layer of meninges? order it

A

out - dura
arachnoid
in -pia

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39
Q

subdural space?

A

space for bv - penetrating into the CNS

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40
Q

subarachnoid space?

A

contains csf

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41
Q

where csf sits?

A

in ventricles
central canal of sc
surrounding brain
in-between layers of meninges

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42
Q

what forms csf?

A

choroid plexus in each ventricle

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43
Q

where is csf absorbed?

A

by arachnoid villi/granulations into superior sagittal sinus - venous channels in brain

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44
Q

how does csf escape 4th ventricle?

A

through 3 holes in roof of ventricle =
2 LATERAL AND 1 MEDIAL
into subarachnoid space
and then is reabsoped

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45
Q

sympathetic nerves leave sc in what levels?

A

thoracolumbar outflow

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46
Q

preganglionic and postganglionic fibres of sympathetic nerves?

A

short pre and long post

CLOSER TO SC

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47
Q

WHERE are sympathetic ganglia placed?

A

in prevertebral anf paravertebral ganglia - sympathetic chain

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48
Q

pre and post ganglionic Fibers of parasympathetic nerves?

A

long pre-ganglionic

and short post-ganglionic

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49
Q

4 cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic fibers?

A

oculomotor
facial
glossopharyngeal
vagus

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50
Q

ADRENAL MEDULLA?

A

inner part of adrenal gland - which release adrenaline and Nora-adrenaline

part of sympaethic system

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51
Q

WHAT DO Adrenaline and Noraadrenaline act on?

A

alpha and beta receptors and adrenic receptors

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52
Q

sympathetic causes what of the eye?

A

contraction of radial muscle of iris - PUPIL DILATE

ciliary body contract - making ligaments go lax and lens thicker

FOCUS FAR AWAY

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53
Q

INNERVATION to bv?

explain receptors too of bv

A

sympathetic only

constriction - alpha 1
dilation - beta 2

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54
Q

does sympathetic constrict or relax smooth muscle?

A

relax smooth muscle

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55
Q

gyrus and sulcus meaning in brain?

A

sulcus - dip

gyrus - elevation

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56
Q

basal ganglia?

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies in white matter - nuclei

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57
Q

long fissure in centre of head?

A

median longitudinal fissure

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58
Q

central sulcus where?

separates?

A

across brain surface other way - separates frontal and parietal lobes

separates precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus

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59
Q

lateral sulcus separates?

A

frontal and temporal lobes

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60
Q

cingulate sulcus?

A

medial side of Brain

curved over corpus callosum

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61
Q

parieto-occiptal sulcus?

A

on back side seperates these lobes

62
Q

insult of brain where?

A

inside temporal lobe

63
Q

frontal lobe for?
parietal lobe for?
occipital for?
temporal for?

A

motor, intellect
somatosensory
vision
hearing and smell

64
Q

medial portions of cerebral hemisphere for?

A

limbic system - storage and retrieval of processing info

65
Q

area 4?

A

precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
motor homunculus

66
Q

area 44/45?

A

brocas area of motor speech ON BOTH SIDES/HEMISPHERES
in frontal lobe

inferior frontal gyrus

67
Q

area 6/8?

A

prefrontal cortex - cognitive functions of higher order - intellect, judgment and planning etc

68
Q

areas 3,2,1?

A

post central gyrus
primary sensory area
receive sensation fro contralateral half of body
sensory homunculus

69
Q

areas 41/42?

A

primary auditor cortex

superior temporal gyrus

70
Q

posterior to area 41/42?

present where

A

auditory association areas - wernickes area - ONLY IN DOMINANT SIDE
in temporal lobe

71
Q

area 17?

A

primary visual cortex in occipital lobe

72
Q

area 18/19?

A

visual association cortex occipital Lobe

73
Q

limbic lobe
where?
for?

A

medial surface of cerebral hemisphere

for memory/emotional aspects of behaviour

74
Q

LIMBIC system includes what structures?

A

cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala

75
Q

type of fibres in corpus callosum and explain type?

A

commissural fibers - connect corresponding areas of two hemispheres

76
Q

association fibers of white matter do what?

A

connect one part of cortex with another in same hemisphere

77
Q

projection fibers of whit matter do what?

A

run between cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres

down sc to other areas and pass through internal capsule

78
Q

where is internal capsule situated?

A

between thalamus
and caudate nucleus MEDIALLY

lentiform nucleus LATERALLY

79
Q

WHAT makes up basal ganglia?

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
substantia nigra in midbrain

80
Q

what make sup lentiform nucleus?

A

putamen laterally and globes pallidus medially

81
Q

caudate nucleus is where?

A

in wall of lateral ventricle

82
Q

where is third ventricle?

A

next to thalamus - diencephalon

83
Q

input and output areas of basal ganglia?

A

input - caudate nucleus and putamen

output - globus pallidus
substantial nigra

84
Q

function of basal ganglia?

A

initiation anf termination of movements - controlling motor systems

85
Q

medulla surface features?

A

pyramids and decussation

olives laterally

86
Q

what cranial nerves from medulla surface?

A

9,10,11,12

87
Q

how is medulla connected to cerebellum?

A

by INFERIOR cerebellar peduncle

88
Q

WHERE IS 4TH VENT in association with pons?

A

ventricle posterior to it

89
Q

how is pons connected to cerebellum?

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

90
Q

what cranial nerves on surface of pons?

and how they are

A

5,6,7,8

5 laterally
6,7,8 inferior surface

91
Q

what connect midbrain to cerebellum?

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

92
Q

what nerves are originating from midbrain ?

A

3 anteriorly

4 posteriorly

93
Q

where can you see the colliculi?

A

2 superior and 2 inferior can be seen on posterior midbrain

94
Q

structure of cerebellum?

A

right and left hemispheres separated by vermis

each hemisphere has anterior, posterior and flocculomotor lobe

95
Q

what is on surface of cerebellum?

A

sulci and folia

96
Q

parts of diencephalon?4

A

pineal gland - epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus
stalk of pituitary

97
Q

inside of thalamus?

contains?

A

group of nuclei

anterior
lateral - processing sensory info.
medial

98
Q

wha separates thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamic sulcus

99
Q

role of hypothalamus?

A

visceral control

essential for overall homeostasis - temp, water balance, sleep-wake cycle, etc

100
Q

why continuous circle of willis?

A

protective machism against vaso-occlusion of large arterys

101
Q

how does basilar artery run?

A

on anterior surface of brainstem

102
Q

anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres - inner side

103
Q

where do sinuses lie?

A

between 2 layer of dura mater

104
Q

explain pathway of sinuses?

A
  • superior sagitall runs superiorly
  • inferior sagitall runs inferiorly

straight sinus to confluence of sinuses at back

transverse sinus to IJV

105
Q

DO ALL CRANIAL NERVES ARISE IN BRAINSTEM?

A

no only 3-12

not 1 &2

106
Q

vertebral arteries supply what of brain?

A

brainstem and cerebellum

107
Q

what ventricles lie in brainstem?

A

3rd and 4th vent

108
Q

what cranial nerves arise from pinto-medullary junction?

A

CN 6,7,8

109
Q

OLIVES of medulla for?

A

motor co-ordination

110
Q

medulla enters what foramen?

A

foramen magnum

111
Q

cerebellar peduncle types?

A

superior
middle
inferior

112
Q

how many cerebral peduncle?

A

1

113
Q

what can herniate through Foramen magnum?

A

cerebellar tonsils

114
Q

calcirine sulcus?

A

runs down from parieto-occipitaq sulcus

115
Q

when does spinal cord In adult and child?

A

adult - l1-2

child - l3

116
Q

what level to carry out lumbar puncture?

A

l3-4

117
Q

carotid body?

A

area in posterior wall of common carotid in neck - contains chemoreceptors - sensitive to levels of oxygen

118
Q

carotid sinus?

A

dilatation located on terminal part of common carotid artery - contains pressure receptors - to detect blood flow

119
Q

emissary veins?

A

veins pass through skull to provide connection between dural venous sinuses and veins of scalp

120
Q

falx cerbri?

A

fold of meningeal layer of fur that depends through longitudinal fissure between spheres and attaches to CRISTA GALLI

121
Q

WHAT forms upper and lower border of falx cerebri?

A

superior sagittal and inferior sagittal

122
Q

middle meningeal artery branch of what?

A

branch of maxillary artery from ECA

123
Q

WHAT pathway does middle cerebral artery go?

A

goes along lateral sulci

124
Q

hippocampus part of what part of brain?

A

temporal lobe

125
Q

what operates the lateral ventricles?

A

septum pelicudum

126
Q

fornix?

A

collection of fibers(ring) that connect hippocampus to mammillary body

127
Q

basal ganglia made up of?

A

lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus

128
Q

Internal capsule supplied by?

A

middle cerebral artery branches

129
Q

grey and white matter made up of?

A

grey matter - cell bodies/

white matter - axons/mylen

130
Q

cerebellar arteries - how many are there?

A

superior
anterior inferior
posterior inferior

3 pairs

131
Q

wernicke’s area for?

A

comprehension of speech

132
Q

anterior cerebral artery supplies?

A

more medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres

133
Q

abnormal movements in stroke? like jerking/tremor?

A

not usually - that’s more like a seizure

134
Q

stroke - unilateral/bilateral?

A

unilateral - worse on one side

135
Q

TACS stroke?

A

total anterior circulation stoke

often blocked carotid or cerebral artery

affects one hemisphere main artery

136
Q

PACS stroke?

A

partial anterior circulation stroke

branch of main artery blocked

137
Q

LACUNAR STROKE?
explain
symptoms

A

SMALL perforating artery affected

not damaging cortex - but deep white matter tracts

weakness of legs/arms/face etc

138
Q

POCS stroke?

A

posterior circulation stroke

any posterior artery blocked

139
Q

what runs on top of sternocleidomastoid?

A

EJV

140
Q

what type of fibers run in medulla pyramids?

A

motor fibers of WM tracts

141
Q

conus medullaris is meaning?

A

end of spinal cord

142
Q

pathway of anterior and lateral cerebral artery

A

a - around corpus callosum - medial surface

l - through lateral sulcus

143
Q

projections of hypothalamus called?

A

maxillary bodies - for memory

144
Q

medial leminscus?

A

where white matter tract fibers cross over in medulla

145
Q

type sof fibers in cerebrall AND cerebellar peduncles?

A

cerebral - motor - white matter tracts

cerebellar - motor and sensory

146
Q

crus cerebri?

A

anterior part of cerebral peduncle - contains white matter tracts

147
Q

when do posterior fontanelle close?

A

1/2 months

148
Q

occipital condyleS?

A

sit on either side of foramen magnum

149
Q

two brnaches of Ica?

A

supratrochlear

supra orbital

150
Q

what two foramen does facial nerve enter?

A

stylomastoid and internal acoustic meatus

NERVOUS (5 decks)

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