ANATOMY Flashcards
1
Q
3 constrictions of oesophagus
and why important?
A
cervical
thoracic
diaphragmatic
important to pass bolus through oesophagus and into stomach
2
Q
bile made where?
A
liver
3
Q
role of gallbladder?
A
store and concentrate bile
4
Q
where does cystic artery lie?
A
in triangle of calot
5
Q
triangle of calot created by?
A
common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of liver
6
Q
foregut structures?
A
oesophagus, stomach to duodenum
7
Q
midgut structures?
A
end part of duodenum to 2/3 of transverse colon
8
Q
differences between jejunum and ileum?
A
ileum - pale pink, less vascularity, thin wall, more fat
jejunum - deeper red, thick wall, more vascularity, less fat
9
Q
blood supply to midgut?
A
superior mesenteric artery
10
Q
blood artery to foregut?
A
celiac trunk
11
Q
hindgut structures?
A
end 1/3 of transverse colon to anus
12
Q
blood supply to hindgut?
A
inferior mesenteric artery
13
Q
teniae coli?
A
thick bands of smooth muscle - longitudinal layer
14
Q
parasympathetic innervation of abdomen by? 2
A
vagus nerve
pelvic splanchnic nerves S2,S3,S4
15
Q
sympathetic innervation of abdomen by?
A
abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
abdominal aortic plexus
16
Q
portal vein formed by?
A
union of splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
17
Q
3 sites of porto-systemic anastomoses?
A
anorectal junction
gastroesophageal junction
umbilicus
18
Q
lumbar nodes in what three groups and explain each
A
pre-aortic = drains organs supplied by anterior branches of aorta
lateral aortic = drains organs supplied by lateral aortic branches
retro-aortic = drains posterior abdominal wall
19
Q
level of portal vein? and where
A
L2 - behind neck of pancreas
20
Q
mucosa layers?
A
inner = epithelium
lamina propria
outer = muscular mucosa
21
Q
muscalris externa layers?
A
inner = circular outer = longitudinal
22
Q
how to know if serosa or adventitia?
A
serosa - below diaphragm
adventitia - above diaphragm
23
Q
what is the submucosa?
A
dense irregular, connective tissue -
nerves, bv, lymphatics here
and sometimes glands
24
Q
myenteric plexus controls?
A
contractions of two layered muscles - c and l
25
submucosal plexus controls?
local secretion, absorption etc
26
what is enteric nervous system?
guts own nervous system - independent control
27
abdominal cavity bound by what?
diaphragm, pelvic diaphragm, abdominal muscle walls
28
visceral membrane and parietal membrane?
visceral - covers organs
| parietal - lines cavity
29
peritoneum is what?
double layer serous membrane
30
intraperitoneal organ meaning?
completely covered by visceral, invaginated into sac, mesentery involved
31
retroperitoneal organ meaning?
only partially covered by peritoneum on one surface, anterior side, no mesentery involved
32
mesentery?
double layer of peritoneum due to invagination of peritoneum by organ (project off posterior wall)
33
omentum?
double layered extension of peritoneum passing from stomach and duodenum to adjacent organs
34
greater omentum?
connect stomach to transverse colon
35
lesser omentum?
connect stomach/duodenum to liver
36
mesentery of trasnverse colon called?
transverse mesocolon
37
peritoneal cavity divided into?
greater and lesser sac
38
lesser sac of peritoneal cavity called?
omental bursa
39
how are the two sacs of the peritoneal cavity conncted?
by epiploic foramen
40
where is omental bursa to stomach?
posterior
41
boundaries of abdominal wall describe:
-posterior, anterior, superior, inferior
posterior - vertebrae column
anterior - abdominal muscular wall
superior - by xiphoid process, costal cartilage
inferior - inguinal ligament, pubic crest
42
umbilicus at what level?
T10 dermatome ?
belly butTEN
level of L3 vertebrae
43
LINEA alba?
midline band extending from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis
44
ileac crest level? and where
L4
| extends posteriorly from anterior superior iliac spine
45
anterior superior iliac spine?
sticky out bit of hip
46
name 9 regions of abdomen?
right/left column - hypochondriac - lumbar - inguinal
| middle column - epigastric - umbilical - hypogastric
47
regions formed by what planes?
2 midclavicular planes
subcostal horizontal plane - in line of 10th costal cartilage
trans tubercular horizontal plane - through L5 vertebrae
48
4 quadrants formed by?
trans umbilical plane - through umbilicus - horizontal
| median plane -vertical
49
external oblique muscles explain direction? function?
| innervation?
top to down - run inwards
superficial inferomedially
compress and support abdominal organs - flex and route trunk
innervation = thoraco-abdominal and subcostal nerves - anterior rami T7-T12 spinal
50
internal oblique muscles explain direction? function?
| innervation?
top to down- run outwards
intermediate, inferomedially
compress and support abdominal organs flex and rotate trunk
thoracic-abdominal nerves T7-T11 spinal, subcostal nerves and 1st lumber nerve
51
order of abdominal muscles - out to in?
external SUPERFICIAL
intermediate
transversus abdomens INNERMOST
52
TRansversus abdominis? direction? function?
| innervation?
horizontal
compress and support abdominal organs
thoracic-abdominal nerves - anterior rami of T7-T11 subcostal and 1st lumber nerve
53
rectus abdominis?direction? function?
long, broad strap like muscle - on front side
flexes trunk and compresses abdominal organs
thoracic-abdominal and subcostal nerves - T7-T12 spinal
54
what is enclosed by rectus sheath?
rectus abdominis
55
rectus sheath what is it?
| formed by WHAT?
large area of connective tissue
| apneourosis of 3 flat muscles - internal, external and transversus
56
rectus sheath contains what ?
| what borders does it have?
anterior and posterior wall
| contains - rectus abdominis, pyramadalis muscles, epigastric arteries, veins and lymph vessels
57
explain by changes of rectus sheath occurs mean?
from superior to inferior the contents of rectus sheath changes
superior to costal margin - only apneoursis of external oblique - no posterior wall
58
arcuate line?
marks transition between posterior rectus sheath covering superior 3/4 of rectus abdomens to just transversals fascia covering inferior 1/4
59
superior to arcuate line? anterior and posterior wall
upper 3/4
anterior wall = apneauorsis of external and internal oblique
posterior wall = apneuroisis of internal and transversus
60
inferior to arcuate line? anterior and posterior wall
anterior wall = all 3 muscles
| posterior wall = in direct contact with transversals fascia
61
function of pyramidal muscle?
tenses linea alba
62
conjoint tendon what occurs here?
internal oblique and transversus abdominal join medially
63
what is transversals fascia?
thin membrane which lies between transverse abdominal muscle and parietal membrane
64
superior epigastric artery supplies what?branch off
| what?
branch off Internal thoracic artery
| supplies upper part of rectus abdominis muscle
65
inferior epigastric artery supplies what?branch off what?
branch off external iliac artery
| supplies lower rectus abdominis
66
lymph drainage of abdomen?
veins superior to umbilicus = drain to axillary LN
| veins inferior to umbilicus = drain to superficial inguinal lymph nodes
67
inguinal region between what?
anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle
68
inguinal region is what? common place of what?
place where structures enter/exit abdominal cavity - common place for hernia
69
inguinal canal? parallel to? function?
short passage runs inferomedially to abdominal wall
canal parallel and SUPERIOR to inguinal ligament
acts as pathway for structures to pass from abdominal wall to genitalia
70
structures of inguinal canal?
male
female
others?
```
male = spermatic cord
female = round ligament of uterus
```
blood vessels, lymph and nerves(ilioguinal nerve)
71
ilioguinal nerve innervates?
sensory innervation of genitalia
72
openings of inguinal canal?
deep internal ring
TO (downwards)
superficial external ring
73
deep internal ring formed by?
location?
opening shape
formed by transversals fascia
located above midpoint of inguinal ligament/superolateral to pubic tubercle
oval opening
74
superficial external ring formed by?
location
opening shape
formed by invagination of external oblique
superior to pubic tubercle
triangle opening
75
roof of inguinal canal formed by?
transversals fascia
internal obligue
transversus abdominis
76
anterior wall of inguinal canal formed by?
apneourosis of external and internal oblique
77
floor of inguinal canal formed by?
inguinal ligament
78
posterior wall of inguinal canal formed by?
traversalis fascia
79
types of hernias of inguinal region?
direct and indirect
80
indirect hernia of inguinal region?
internal one
weakness of deep ring - allow stuff to enter and exit canal easily
81
direct hernia of inguinal region?
external one
pushing through weak spots in muscles making posterior wall of canal and enter and exit superficial ring
82
3 muscles of posterior abdomen wall and their location/direction AND FUNCTION?
psoas major - inferolateral- flexes thigh/trunk
iliacus - lateral - flexes thigh
quadratus lumborum - lateral - flexes vert. column
83
hiatuses of diaphragm and v level?
oesophageal - T10
IVC - T8
aortic = T12
84
ivc lies where to abdominal aorta?
to the right
85
at what level does abdominal aorta bifurcate AND TO WHAT?
at L4 splits into 2 common iliac arteries
86
side branches of abdominal aorta? and what level?
renal arteries - at L1-3
87
ANTERIOR branches of aorta? 3
| explain each one and what they supply AND v level
```
celiac trunk - T12
supplies foregut(oesophagus to descending part of duodenum)
```
```
superior mesentery artery - L1
supplies midgut(duodenum to 2/3 of colon)
```
```
inferior mesentery - L3
supplies hindgut(last 1/3 of colon to rectum)
```
88
3 branches of celiac trunk?
common hepatic artery
splenic artery
left gastric artery
89
when does ivc form and at what?
forms by left and right iliac veins at L5
90
PORTAL VEIN ENTERS WHERE?
| formed by?
into liver
splenic vein + superior mesenteric vein
91
inferior mesenteric vein drains into?
splenic vein
92
porto-systemic anastomoses? 4
oesophageal
para-umbilical
rectal
retroperitoneal
93
lymph nodes of abdomen?
lymph nodes lie along aorta/ivc
anterior branches of aorta - PRE-AORTIC LN
side vessels of aorta - PARA-AORTIC LN
94
sympathetic nerves of posterior wall?abdomen
greater, lesser, least sphlanic nerve
abdominal aortic plexuses
pre-vertebral sympathetic ganglia
95
parasympathetic nerves of posterior wall? abdomen
vagus
| pelvic splanchic - S2,3,4
96
LUMBAR PLEXUS? branches top to bottom
1. iliiohypogstric (from T12/L1)
2. ILIOGUINAL L1
3. GENITOFEMORAL L1/2
4. LATERAL CUTANEOUS L2/3
5. FEMORAL L2,3,4
6. OBTURATOR L2,3,4
97
Lumbar plexus forms in?
psoas major muscle and emerges lateral/medial surface of muscle
98
kidneys sits at what level?
T12-L3
99
peritoneum of kidneys?
| hilum of kidney order of enter/exit of structures
retroperitoneal
anterior - renal vein
renal artery
posterior - renal pelvis into ureter
100
3 sites of contractions of ureter?
at renal pelvis into ureter
as ureter enter pelvis
as ureter eneters bladder
101
intraperitoneal means?
completely covered by visceral peritoneum - invaginated into sac
102
retroperitoneal means?
outside peritoneal cavity - between parietal peritoneum and posterior wall
only covered on anterior surface and firmly attached to posterior wall
103
what is in peritoneal cavity?
peritoneal fluid NO ORGANS
104
ALL RETROPERITONEAL organs?
sad pucker
```
suprarenal gland - adrenal
aorta/ivc
duodenum
pancreas
ureters
colon - a/d
kidneys
Eoesophagus
rectum
```
105
peritoneal cavity splits into?
greater sac and mental bursa
greater sac is supra colic and infra colic compartments
106
epiploic foramen boundaries?
anterior - portal traed
posterior - ivc
superior - liver
inferior -part of duodenum
107
omentum is?
double layered extension of peritoneum from stomach/duodenum to adjacent organs
108
greater omentum attachments? ligaments here?
attaches from greater curvature of stomach to duodenum - like an apron over small I
gastro-ligmanets/hepato ligmanets
109
LESSER OMENTUM connects what to what?
lesser curvature of stomach to duodenum and to liver
110
mesentery?
double layer of peritoneum that occurs due to invagination of peritoneum by organ - propels it from wall
111
falciform ligament? function, what is it?
anterior liver connects ti anterior body wall
| contains remnant of umbilical vein
112
trasnpyloric plane? what is it? CROSSES WHAT?
```
horizontal line at L1
-neck of pancreas
-duodenum
hilum of kidneys
base of GB
LOWER END OF SC
```
113
where does spinal cord end in adult?
L1/2
114
HOW TO FIND GB?
right
9th costal cartilage
in mid-clavicular line
115
how to find appendix?
junction of medial 2/3 and lateral 1/3 joining of anterior superior iliac spine and umbilicus
116
spleen how to find it?
under ribs 9-11 on left on mid-axillary line
117
order of gastric gland cells? top to bottom
1. mucous cells
2. parietal cells
3. mucous and parietal cells
4. chief cells and parietal cells
118
3 types of gastric glands explain each?
cardiac glands - mainly mucous - SHORT
fundic glands - LOTS of parietal and chief - long gland
pyloric glands - mostly mucous/ g cells - long pit
119
what histology of pancreas and liver look like? describe
pancreas - endocrine and exocrine parts and p duct
liver - lobules - hexagons
120
oesophagus artery supply/venous drainage/lymph drainage ?
oesophageal branches off left gastric artery (from celiac trunk)
to portal vein via left gastric vein
to left gastric LN AND celiac LN
121
PYLORIC sphincter is WHAt?
thickening of circular layer of smooth muscle
122
branches off from common hepatic artery from celiac trunk?
right gastric
| gastro-duodenal artery downwards
123
stomach artery supply/venous drainage/lymph drainage?
left and right gastric arteries
left and right gastric veins into portal vein
drain into gastric LN and then into celiac LN
124
what other veins drain stomach?
left and right gastroepiploic veins
125
major and minor duodenal papilla?
major - opening of bile and pancreatic duct into duodenum
minor - termination of accessory p duct
126
what controls opening of duodenal papilla?
sphincter of Oddi
127
arcades of arteries?
anastomosing of arteries/branches of ileum and jejunum
128
vasa recta?
straight arteries come off arcades in mesentery to intestine
129
differences between ileum and jejunum
```
colour
wall
vascularity
fat in mesentery
lymphoid tissue
```
```
jejunum
deeper red
thick and heavy walls
greater vascularity
less fat in mesentery
small amounts of lymphoid tissue
```
```
ileum
paler pink
thin and tight walls
less vascularity
more fat in mesentery
lots of payers patches
```
130
colic flexures?
bends in colon pathway
131
tenaie coli?
three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle around the large I
132
Omental appendices of large I?
fat filled pouches that are attached to walls of large I
133
mcburneys point?
most common place for appendix to be attached to caecum
134
peritonisation of transverse colon and sigmoid colon?
both intra
135
rectum how is it done??
artery supply?
venous and lymph drainage?
rectum split into three parts - superior, middle,inferior thirds
superior and middle rectal arteries
rectal veins
pararectal and sacral LNs
136
pectinate line does what?
split anal canal into upper 2/3 and lower 1/3
137
protective mucosa found where?
oesophagus, anal canal etc
138
absorptive and secretory mucosa found where
absorptive - small I
| SECRETORY - stomach
139
tubular glands found where In gi tract?
stomach
140
where in the gi tract is goblet cells found most?
small I
141
Change in epithelium from rectum to anus?
simple columnar to
| stratified squamous
142
are goblet cells present in large I?
yes more dominant here
143
where can see caudate and quadrate lobes of liver
from behind not front
144
what is present in portal triad?
main portal vein
common hepatic artery
bile ducts
145
central vein goes into what?
portal vein
146
what vein formed posterior to neck of pancreas?
splenic vein
147
pancreas
artery supply
venous drainage
lymph
like duodenum
both celiac trunk and SMA
SMV into portal vein
pre-aortic LN of both celiac and SM
148
spleen? function
```
single mass of lymphoid tissue - immune response role in body
-stroage of rbc
phagocytosis
make antibodies
filter blood
```
149
does spleen move with respiration?
yes
150
histology of spleen made up of?
white pulp - WBC
| red pulp - RBC
151
enterocyte?
epithelial cell
152
hasselbach/inguinal triangle?
boundaries
triangle deep in anterior abdominal wall
medial - border o frectus abdomenus muscle
lateral - inferior epigastric arteries
inferior - inguinal ligament
153
quadrate and casudate lobe - which one sits where?
quadrate sits next to GB
154
MMC in small intestine why good?
MMC - migrating motility complex
cleaning out small I
when one MMC finishes another MMC Starts
arrival of food in stomach causes cessation of MMC
Good as limits bacterial colonisation of small I
155
IN SMALL I the BER does it increase freq. down to anus?
NO - decreases !
156
VAGAL STIMULATION of salivary secretion?
NONE
| VAGUS NERVE DOES NOT INNERVATE SALIVARY GLANDS
157
Lysozyme?
in saliva - acts to cleave polysaccharide component of bacterial cell walls
158
iliacus?
lateral hip muscle
159
openings od diaphragm location?
ivc - in central tendon
oesophageal - lower down - in diaphragm muscle
aortic - in vertebrae
160
h pylori test - what to avoid prior to the test ?
proton pump inhibitors - omeprazole
161
where are rug of stomach most apparent?
pyloric part and greater curve of stomach
162
colic group of pre-aortic nodes?
gastric nodes
hepatic nodes
pancreatic duodenal nodes
pancreaticosplenic nodes
163
how doe lumbar plexus in relation to poses major muscle?
genitofemoral - on surface of PM
femoral - lateral PM
obturator - medial PM
164
name all things found at trans-pyloric plane?
it's level ?
L1
```
pylorus
neck of pancreas
hila of kidneys
9th costal cartilage
transverse mesoderm
fundus of GB
```
165
differences between jejunum and ileum?
jejunum - deeper red, more vascularity, thick wall, long vasa recta, few arcades, less lymphatics
ileum - pink, less vascularity, thin wall, short vasa recta, more arcades, more lympathics
166
location of mcburneys point?
1/3 lateral on line from umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine
