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GI ANATOMY > ANATOMY > Flashcards

ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

3 constrictions of oesophagus

and why important?

A

cervical
thoracic
diaphragmatic

important to pass bolus through oesophagus and into stomach

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2
Q

bile made where?

A

liver

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3
Q

role of gallbladder?

A

store and concentrate bile

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4
Q

where does cystic artery lie?

A

in triangle of calot

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5
Q

triangle of calot created by?

A

common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of liver

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6
Q

foregut structures?

A

oesophagus, stomach to duodenum

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7
Q

midgut structures?

A

end part of duodenum to 2/3 of transverse colon

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8
Q

differences between jejunum and ileum?

A

ileum - pale pink, less vascularity, thin wall, more fat

jejunum - deeper red, thick wall, more vascularity, less fat

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9
Q

blood supply to midgut?

A

superior mesenteric artery

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10
Q

blood artery to foregut?

A

celiac trunk

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11
Q

hindgut structures?

A

end 1/3 of transverse colon to anus

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12
Q

blood supply to hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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13
Q

teniae coli?

A

thick bands of smooth muscle - longitudinal layer

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14
Q

parasympathetic innervation of abdomen by? 2

A

vagus nerve

pelvic splanchnic nerves S2,S3,S4

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15
Q

sympathetic innervation of abdomen by?

A

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
abdominal aortic plexus

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16
Q

portal vein formed by?

A

union of splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

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17
Q

3 sites of porto-systemic anastomoses?

A

anorectal junction
gastroesophageal junction
umbilicus

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18
Q

lumbar nodes in what three groups and explain each

A

pre-aortic = drains organs supplied by anterior branches of aorta

lateral aortic = drains organs supplied by lateral aortic branches

retro-aortic = drains posterior abdominal wall

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19
Q

level of portal vein? and where

A

L2 - behind neck of pancreas

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20
Q

mucosa layers?

A

inner = epithelium
lamina propria
outer = muscular mucosa

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21
Q

muscalris externa layers?

A 
inner = circular 
outer = longitudinal
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22
Q

how to know if serosa or adventitia?

A

serosa - below diaphragm

adventitia - above diaphragm

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23
Q

what is the submucosa?

A

dense irregular, connective tissue -
nerves, bv, lymphatics here
and sometimes glands

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24
Q

myenteric plexus controls?

A

contractions of two layered muscles - c and l

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25
Q

submucosal plexus controls?

A

local secretion, absorption etc

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26
Q

what is enteric nervous system?

A

guts own nervous system - independent control

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27
Q

abdominal cavity bound by what?

A

diaphragm, pelvic diaphragm, abdominal muscle walls

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28
Q

visceral membrane and parietal membrane?

A

visceral - covers organs

parietal - lines cavity

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29
Q

peritoneum is what?

A

double layer serous membrane

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30
Q

intraperitoneal organ meaning?

A

completely covered by visceral, invaginated into sac, mesentery involved

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31
Q

retroperitoneal organ meaning?

A

only partially covered by peritoneum on one surface, anterior side, no mesentery involved

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32
Q

mesentery?

A

double layer of peritoneum due to invagination of peritoneum by organ (project off posterior wall)

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33
Q

omentum?

A

double layered extension of peritoneum passing from stomach and duodenum to adjacent organs

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34
Q

greater omentum?

A

connect stomach to transverse colon

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35
Q

lesser omentum?

A

connect stomach/duodenum to liver

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36
Q

mesentery of trasnverse colon called?

A

transverse mesocolon

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37
Q

peritoneal cavity divided into?

A

greater and lesser sac

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38
Q

lesser sac of peritoneal cavity called?

A

omental bursa

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39
Q

how are the two sacs of the peritoneal cavity conncted?

A

by epiploic foramen

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40
Q

where is omental bursa to stomach?

A

posterior

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41
Q

boundaries of abdominal wall describe:

-posterior, anterior, superior, inferior

A

posterior - vertebrae column
anterior - abdominal muscular wall
superior - by xiphoid process, costal cartilage
inferior - inguinal ligament, pubic crest

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42
Q

umbilicus at what level?

A

T10 dermatome ?
belly butTEN
level of L3 vertebrae

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43
Q

LINEA alba?

A

midline band extending from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis

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44
Q

ileac crest level? and where

A

L4

extends posteriorly from anterior superior iliac spine

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45
Q

anterior superior iliac spine?

A

sticky out bit of hip

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46
Q

name 9 regions of abdomen?

A

right/left column - hypochondriac - lumbar - inguinal

middle column - epigastric - umbilical - hypogastric

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47
Q

regions formed by what planes?

A

2 midclavicular planes
subcostal horizontal plane - in line of 10th costal cartilage
trans tubercular horizontal plane - through L5 vertebrae

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48
Q

4 quadrants formed by?

A

trans umbilical plane - through umbilicus - horizontal

median plane -vertical

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49
Q

external oblique muscles explain direction? function?

innervation?

A

top to down - run inwards
superficial inferomedially
compress and support abdominal organs - flex and route trunk
innervation = thoraco-abdominal and subcostal nerves - anterior rami T7-T12 spinal

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50
Q

internal oblique muscles explain direction? function?

innervation?

A

top to down- run outwards
intermediate, inferomedially
compress and support abdominal organs flex and rotate trunk
thoracic-abdominal nerves T7-T11 spinal, subcostal nerves and 1st lumber nerve

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51
Q

order of abdominal muscles - out to in?

A

external SUPERFICIAL
intermediate
transversus abdomens INNERMOST

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52
Q

TRansversus abdominis? direction? function?

innervation?

A

horizontal
compress and support abdominal organs
thoracic-abdominal nerves - anterior rami of T7-T11 subcostal and 1st lumber nerve

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53
Q

rectus abdominis?direction? function?

A

long, broad strap like muscle - on front side
flexes trunk and compresses abdominal organs
thoracic-abdominal and subcostal nerves - T7-T12 spinal

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54
Q

what is enclosed by rectus sheath?

A

rectus abdominis

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55
Q

rectus sheath what is it?

formed by WHAT?

A

large area of connective tissue

apneourosis of 3 flat muscles - internal, external and transversus

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56
Q

rectus sheath contains what ?

what borders does it have?

A

anterior and posterior wall

contains - rectus abdominis, pyramadalis muscles, epigastric arteries, veins and lymph vessels

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57
Q

explain by changes of rectus sheath occurs mean?

A

from superior to inferior the contents of rectus sheath changes
superior to costal margin - only apneoursis of external oblique - no posterior wall

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58
Q

arcuate line?

A

marks transition between posterior rectus sheath covering superior 3/4 of rectus abdomens to just transversals fascia covering inferior 1/4

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59
Q

superior to arcuate line? anterior and posterior wall

A

upper 3/4

anterior wall = apneauorsis of external and internal oblique

posterior wall = apneuroisis of internal and transversus

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60
Q

inferior to arcuate line? anterior and posterior wall

A

anterior wall = all 3 muscles

posterior wall = in direct contact with transversals fascia

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61
Q

function of pyramidal muscle?

A

tenses linea alba

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62
Q

conjoint tendon what occurs here?

A

internal oblique and transversus abdominal join medially

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63
Q

what is transversals fascia?

A

thin membrane which lies between transverse abdominal muscle and parietal membrane

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64
Q

superior epigastric artery supplies what?branch off

what?

A

branch off Internal thoracic artery

supplies upper part of rectus abdominis muscle

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65
Q

inferior epigastric artery supplies what?branch off what?

A

branch off external iliac artery

supplies lower rectus abdominis

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66
Q

lymph drainage of abdomen?

A

veins superior to umbilicus = drain to axillary LN

veins inferior to umbilicus = drain to superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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67
Q

inguinal region between what?

A

anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle

68
Q

inguinal region is what? common place of what?

A

place where structures enter/exit abdominal cavity - common place for hernia

69
Q

inguinal canal? parallel to? function?

A

short passage runs inferomedially to abdominal wall
canal parallel and SUPERIOR to inguinal ligament

acts as pathway for structures to pass from abdominal wall to genitalia

70
Q

structures of inguinal canal?
male
female
others?

A 
male = spermatic cord
female = round ligament of uterus

blood vessels, lymph and nerves(ilioguinal nerve)

71
Q

ilioguinal nerve innervates?

A

sensory innervation of genitalia

72
Q

openings of inguinal canal?

A

deep internal ring
TO (downwards)
superficial external ring

73
Q

deep internal ring formed by?
location?
opening shape

A

formed by transversals fascia
located above midpoint of inguinal ligament/superolateral to pubic tubercle
oval opening

74
Q

superficial external ring formed by?
location
opening shape

A

formed by invagination of external oblique
superior to pubic tubercle
triangle opening

75
Q

roof of inguinal canal formed by?

A

transversals fascia
internal obligue
transversus abdominis

76
Q

anterior wall of inguinal canal formed by?

A

apneourosis of external and internal oblique

77
Q

floor of inguinal canal formed by?

A

inguinal ligament

78
Q

posterior wall of inguinal canal formed by?

A

traversalis fascia

79
Q

types of hernias of inguinal region?

A

direct and indirect

80
Q

indirect hernia of inguinal region?

A

internal one

weakness of deep ring - allow stuff to enter and exit canal easily

81
Q

direct hernia of inguinal region?

A

external one

pushing through weak spots in muscles making posterior wall of canal and enter and exit superficial ring

82
Q

3 muscles of posterior abdomen wall and their location/direction AND FUNCTION?

A

psoas major - inferolateral- flexes thigh/trunk
iliacus - lateral - flexes thigh
quadratus lumborum - lateral - flexes vert. column

83
Q

hiatuses of diaphragm and v level?

A

oesophageal - T10
IVC - T8
aortic = T12

84
Q

ivc lies where to abdominal aorta?

A

to the right

85
Q

at what level does abdominal aorta bifurcate AND TO WHAT?

A

at L4 splits into 2 common iliac arteries

86
Q

side branches of abdominal aorta? and what level?

A

renal arteries - at L1-3

87
Q

ANTERIOR branches of aorta? 3

explain each one and what they supply AND v level

A 
celiac trunk - T12 
supplies foregut(oesophagus to descending part of duodenum) 
superior mesentery artery - L1 
supplies midgut(duodenum to 2/3 of colon)
inferior mesentery - L3
supplies hindgut(last 1/3 of colon to rectum)
88
Q

3 branches of celiac trunk?

A

common hepatic artery
splenic artery
left gastric artery

89
Q

when does ivc form and at what?

A

forms by left and right iliac veins at L5

90
Q

PORTAL VEIN ENTERS WHERE?

formed by?

A

into liver

splenic vein + superior mesenteric vein

91
Q

inferior mesenteric vein drains into?

A

splenic vein

92
Q

porto-systemic anastomoses? 4

A

oesophageal
para-umbilical
rectal
retroperitoneal

93
Q

lymph nodes of abdomen?

A

lymph nodes lie along aorta/ivc

anterior branches of aorta - PRE-AORTIC LN
side vessels of aorta - PARA-AORTIC LN

94
Q

sympathetic nerves of posterior wall?abdomen

A

greater, lesser, least sphlanic nerve
abdominal aortic plexuses
pre-vertebral sympathetic ganglia

95
Q

parasympathetic nerves of posterior wall? abdomen

A

vagus

pelvic splanchic - S2,3,4

96
Q

LUMBAR PLEXUS? branches top to bottom

A
  1. iliiohypogstric (from T12/L1)
  2. ILIOGUINAL L1
  3. GENITOFEMORAL L1/2
  4. LATERAL CUTANEOUS L2/3
  5. FEMORAL L2,3,4
  6. OBTURATOR L2,3,4
97
Q

Lumbar plexus forms in?

A

psoas major muscle and emerges lateral/medial surface of muscle

98
Q

kidneys sits at what level?

A

T12-L3

99
Q

peritoneum of kidneys?

hilum of kidney order of enter/exit of structures

A

retroperitoneal

anterior - renal vein
renal artery
posterior - renal pelvis into ureter

100
Q

3 sites of contractions of ureter?

A

at renal pelvis into ureter
as ureter enter pelvis
as ureter eneters bladder

101
Q

intraperitoneal means?

A

completely covered by visceral peritoneum - invaginated into sac

102
Q

retroperitoneal means?

A

outside peritoneal cavity - between parietal peritoneum and posterior wall
only covered on anterior surface and firmly attached to posterior wall

103
Q

what is in peritoneal cavity?

A

peritoneal fluid NO ORGANS

104
Q

ALL RETROPERITONEAL organs?

A

sad pucker

suprarenal gland - adrenal 
aorta/ivc 
duodenum 
pancreas 
ureters 
colon - a/d 
kidneys 
Eoesophagus 
rectum
105
Q

peritoneal cavity splits into?

A

greater sac and mental bursa

greater sac is supra colic and infra colic compartments

106
Q

epiploic foramen boundaries?

A

anterior - portal traed
posterior - ivc
superior - liver
inferior -part of duodenum

107
Q

omentum is?

A

double layered extension of peritoneum from stomach/duodenum to adjacent organs

108
Q

greater omentum attachments? ligaments here?

A

attaches from greater curvature of stomach to duodenum - like an apron over small I

gastro-ligmanets/hepato ligmanets

109
Q

LESSER OMENTUM connects what to what?

A

lesser curvature of stomach to duodenum and to liver

110
Q

mesentery?

A

double layer of peritoneum that occurs due to invagination of peritoneum by organ - propels it from wall

111
Q

falciform ligament? function, what is it?

A

anterior liver connects ti anterior body wall

contains remnant of umbilical vein

112
Q

trasnpyloric plane? what is it? CROSSES WHAT?

A 
horizontal line at L1 
-neck of pancreas
-duodenum
hilum of kidneys 
base of GB 
LOWER END OF SC
113
Q

where does spinal cord end in adult?

A

L1/2

114
Q

HOW TO FIND GB?

A

right
9th costal cartilage
in mid-clavicular line

115
Q

how to find appendix?

A

junction of medial 2/3 and lateral 1/3 joining of anterior superior iliac spine and umbilicus

116
Q

spleen how to find it?

A

under ribs 9-11 on left on mid-axillary line

117
Q

order of gastric gland cells? top to bottom

A
  1. mucous cells
  2. parietal cells
  3. mucous and parietal cells
  4. chief cells and parietal cells
118
Q

3 types of gastric glands explain each?

A

cardiac glands - mainly mucous - SHORT
fundic glands - LOTS of parietal and chief - long gland
pyloric glands - mostly mucous/ g cells - long pit

119
Q

what histology of pancreas and liver look like? describe

A

pancreas - endocrine and exocrine parts and p duct

liver - lobules - hexagons

120
Q

oesophagus artery supply/venous drainage/lymph drainage ?

A

oesophageal branches off left gastric artery (from celiac trunk)
to portal vein via left gastric vein
to left gastric LN AND celiac LN

121
Q

PYLORIC sphincter is WHAt?

A

thickening of circular layer of smooth muscle

122
Q

branches off from common hepatic artery from celiac trunk?

A

right gastric

gastro-duodenal artery downwards

123
Q

stomach artery supply/venous drainage/lymph drainage?

A

left and right gastric arteries
left and right gastric veins into portal vein

drain into gastric LN and then into celiac LN

124
Q

what other veins drain stomach?

A

left and right gastroepiploic veins

125
Q

major and minor duodenal papilla?

A

major - opening of bile and pancreatic duct into duodenum

minor - termination of accessory p duct

126
Q

what controls opening of duodenal papilla?

A

sphincter of Oddi

127
Q

arcades of arteries?

A

anastomosing of arteries/branches of ileum and jejunum

128
Q

vasa recta?

A

straight arteries come off arcades in mesentery to intestine

129
Q

differences between ileum and jejunum

colour
wall
vascularity 
fat in mesentery 
lymphoid tissue
A 
jejunum 
deeper red 
thick and heavy walls 
greater vascularity 
less fat in mesentery 
small amounts of lymphoid tissue 
ileum 
paler pink
thin and tight walls 
less vascularity 
more fat in mesentery 
lots of payers patches
130
Q

colic flexures?

A

bends in colon pathway

131
Q

tenaie coli?

A

three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle around the large I

132
Q

Omental appendices of large I?

A

fat filled pouches that are attached to walls of large I

133
Q

mcburneys point?

A

most common place for appendix to be attached to caecum

134
Q

peritonisation of transverse colon and sigmoid colon?

A

both intra

135
Q

rectum how is it done??
artery supply?
venous and lymph drainage?

A

rectum split into three parts - superior, middle,inferior thirds

superior and middle rectal arteries

rectal veins

pararectal and sacral LNs

136
Q

pectinate line does what?

A

split anal canal into upper 2/3 and lower 1/3

137
Q

protective mucosa found where?

A

oesophagus, anal canal etc

138
Q

absorptive and secretory mucosa found where

A

absorptive - small I

SECRETORY - stomach

139
Q

tubular glands found where In gi tract?

A

stomach

140
Q

where in the gi tract is goblet cells found most?

A

small I

141
Q

Change in epithelium from rectum to anus?

A

simple columnar to

stratified squamous

142
Q

are goblet cells present in large I?

A

yes more dominant here

143
Q

where can see caudate and quadrate lobes of liver

A

from behind not front

144
Q

what is present in portal triad?

A

main portal vein
common hepatic artery
bile ducts

145
Q

central vein goes into what?

A

portal vein

146
Q

what vein formed posterior to neck of pancreas?

A

splenic vein

147
Q

pancreas
artery supply
venous drainage
lymph

A

like duodenum
both celiac trunk and SMA
SMV into portal vein
pre-aortic LN of both celiac and SM

148
Q

spleen? function

A 
single mass of lymphoid tissue - immune response role in body 
-stroage of rbc
phagocytosis 
make antibodies 
filter blood
149
Q

does spleen move with respiration?

A

yes

150
Q

histology of spleen made up of?

A

white pulp - WBC

red pulp - RBC

151
Q

enterocyte?

A

epithelial cell

152
Q

hasselbach/inguinal triangle?

boundaries

A

triangle deep in anterior abdominal wall

medial - border o frectus abdomenus muscle
lateral - inferior epigastric arteries
inferior - inguinal ligament

153
Q

quadrate and casudate lobe - which one sits where?

A

quadrate sits next to GB

154
Q

MMC in small intestine why good?

A

MMC - migrating motility complex

cleaning out small I

when one MMC finishes another MMC Starts

arrival of food in stomach causes cessation of MMC

Good as limits bacterial colonisation of small I

155
Q

IN SMALL I the BER does it increase freq. down to anus?

A

NO - decreases !

156
Q

VAGAL STIMULATION of salivary secretion?

A

NONE

VAGUS NERVE DOES NOT INNERVATE SALIVARY GLANDS

157
Q

Lysozyme?

A

in saliva - acts to cleave polysaccharide component of bacterial cell walls

158
Q

iliacus?

A

lateral hip muscle

159
Q

openings od diaphragm location?

A

ivc - in central tendon
oesophageal - lower down - in diaphragm muscle
aortic - in vertebrae

160
Q

h pylori test - what to avoid prior to the test ?

A

proton pump inhibitors - omeprazole

161
Q

where are rug of stomach most apparent?

A

pyloric part and greater curve of stomach

162
Q

colic group of pre-aortic nodes?

A

gastric nodes
hepatic nodes
pancreatic duodenal nodes
pancreaticosplenic nodes

163
Q

how doe lumbar plexus in relation to poses major muscle?

A

genitofemoral - on surface of PM
femoral - lateral PM
obturator - medial PM

164
Q

name all things found at trans-pyloric plane?

it’s level ?

A

L1

pylorus 
neck of pancreas 
hila of kidneys 
9th costal cartilage 
transverse mesoderm 
fundus of GB
165
Q

differences between jejunum and ileum?

A

jejunum - deeper red, more vascularity, thick wall, long vasa recta, few arcades, less lymphatics

ileum - pink, less vascularity, thin wall, short vasa recta, more arcades, more lympathics

166
Q

location of mcburneys point?

A

1/3 lateral on line from umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine

GI ANATOMY (2 decks)

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