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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the upper limbs?

A

Axilla

Arm

Elbow/cubtial fossa

Fore arm

wrist

hand

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2
Q

What makes up the lower limbs?

A

Inguinal region/groin

Thigh

Knee/popliteal fossa

Leg

Ankle

Foot

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3
Q

Where does the lower limbs start?

A

Extends from the pelvis

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4
Q

What muscles of the gluteal Region make up the superficial muscle group?

A

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Tensor fascia latae

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5
Q

What is the function of the superficial muscles in the gluteal region?

A

extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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6
Q

Which nerves innervate the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

gluteus maximus = inferior gluteal
all others = superior gluteal
Trendelenburg’s Gait

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7
Q

What gluteal muscles make up the deep muscle group?

A

piriformis

obturator internus

gemelli

quadratus femoris

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8
Q

What is the function of the deep muscle group in the gluteal region?

A

lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

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9
Q

What nerves innervate the deep muscle group in the gluteal region?

A

Sacral plexus

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10
Q

How do nerves enter the pelvis?

A

Greater sacral foramen

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11
Q

How do nerves enter the perineum?

A

Lesser sacral foramen

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12
Q

What makes up the lesser and greater sacral foramen?

A

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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13
Q

What are the main nerves which enter/exit the pelvis via the gluteal region?

A

Sciatic (L4-S3)

Pudendal (S2-S4)

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1-S3)

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14
Q

What do the sciatic nerves supply?

A

supplies posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles & most of the skin via tibial and common fibular branches

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15
Q

What do the pudendal nerve supply?

A

Principal nerve to perineum

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16
Q

What do the posterior cutaneous nerves of thigh supply?

A

skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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17
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve normally exit from in the gluteal region?

A

leaves pelvis through great sciatic foramen Inferior to piriformis

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18
Q

What does the sciatic nerve separate into in the distal thigh?

A

tibial nerve

common fibular

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19
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

superior – inguinal ligament

medially – adductor longus

laterally – sartorius

floor – iliopsoas and pectineus

roof – deep fascia (fascia lata)

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20
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
Lymphatics

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21
Q

What are the three compartments of the thigh?

A

anterior, medial &anterior posterior compartments

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22
Q

What are the three compartments of the leg?

A

Anterior,lateral & posterior compartments

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23
Q

What is found in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

1.flexors of thigh
pectineus, iliopsoas, sartorius

2.extensors of leg
quadriceps femoris

3.all femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
psoas major (L1,L2,L3)
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24
Q

What is found in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A
  1. adductors of thigh
    adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus

2.all obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
hamstring part of adductor magnus (tibial nerve)

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25
Q

What is found in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

1.extensors of thigh & flexors of leg
semitendinosus, semimembranosus & biceps femoris

  1. all tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
    short head biceps femoris (common fibular division of sciatic)
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26
Q

What is found in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

1.dorsiflexors of ankle & extensors of toes

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius

2.all deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)

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27
Q

What is found in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

1.evert foot & weakly plantarflex ankle
fibularis longus, fibularis brevis

  1. all superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
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28
Q

Where is the popliteal fossa?

A

Posterior to knee

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29
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

superolaterally – biceps femoris
superomedially – semimembranosus
inferiorly – gastrocnemius
roof – popliteal fascia

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30
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

lots of fat

terminal small saphenous vein
popliteal vessels

tibial and common fibular nerves

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31
Q

What makes up the calcaneal tendon (ankle tendon)?

ii. what does it attach to?

A

tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus together

ii. attaches to calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus

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32
Q

what nerves do the ankle jerk reflex test?

A

tests S1, S2 nerve roots

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33
Q

What is the route of the superficial lymphatics?

A

follow saphenous veins
drain to superficial inguinal lymph nodes
then external iliac lymph nodes

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34
Q

What is the route of deep lymphatics?

A

follow deep veins
(popliteal lymph nodes)
deep inguinal lymph nodes
external iliac lymph nodes

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35
Q

What do the motor nerves of the femoral nerve innervate? (L2,3,4)

A

quadriceps femoris, sartorius, iliacus & pectineus

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36
Q

What do the motor nerves of the tibial part of the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)?

A
  1. muscles of the posterior compartment of thigh:
    true hamstrings -
    semimembranosus
    semitendinosus
2.long head of biceps femoris
muscles of the posterior compartment of leg:
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
popliteus
tibialis posterior

3.muscles of the sole of the foot:
flexors of the digits (digitorum & hallucis longus)
ALL intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot
(via medial and lateral plantar branches)

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37
Q

what do the motor nerves of the obturator nerve innervate? (L2,3,4)

A 
ALL of the medial compartment of thigh
ALL adductors (except hamstring part of magnus) & gracilis
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38
Q

What do the motor nerves of the

common fibular part of the sciatic nerve innervate? (L4-S2)

A

short head of biceps femoris

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39
Q

What is superficial fibular branch of the common fibular nerve?

A

muscles of the lateral compartment of leg: fibularis longus & brevis

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40
Q

What is superficial fibular branch of the deep fibular nerve?

A

muscles of the anterior compartment of leg:
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius
muscles of the dorsum of the foot:
extensor digitorum brevis (EDB)
extensor hallucis brevis (EHB)

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41
Q

which nerves innervate the rest of the lower limb?

A

Branches of the lumbosacral plexus

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42
Q

What are the three principal types of muscles?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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43
Q

What are the three main properties of the skeletal muscles?

A

Striated

Unbranched

Multinucleate - Nuclei are at the periphery of the fibre, just under sarcolemma

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44
Q

what is the sarcolemma?

A

the cell membrane of muscle cells

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45
Q

what is the name of bundles that muscle fibres are organised into?

A

Fascicles

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46
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue which surrounds the whole muscle?

A

Epimysium

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47
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue which surrounds a fascicle?

A

Perimysium

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48
Q

what is the name of the connective tissue which surrounds a single muscle fibre?

A

Endomysium

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49
Q

what is a sarcomere?

ii. what do they form?

A

the ‘unit of contraction’, of the muscle cell, that is, they are the smallest contractile elements in the striated muscle cell

ii. thousands of these are placed end-to-end to form a myofibril

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50
Q

What line to sarcomeres extend from?

A

one Z line to another one

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51
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

one motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres that it innervates

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52
Q

Finish the sentence: the fewer the number of muscle fibres in a motor unit the finer the what?

A

the finer the control of movement

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53
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal fibres?

A

Type I - relatively slowly contracting fibres that depend on oxidative metabolism

Type II a - They are relatively fast contracting, but are also reasonably resistant to fatigue. (intermediate between Type I and Type II b)

Type II b - fast contracting fibres that depend on anaerobic metabolism

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54
Q

What do Type I skeletal fibres contain a lot of?

A

Mitochondria and Myogoblin

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55
Q

How are cells nourished in the cartilage?

A

diffusion through the extracellular matrix

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56
Q

How are cells nourished in the bone?

A

nourished by blood vessels that pervade the tissue.

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57
Q

What are the cells called that found in the cartilage?

ii. what are immature forms of these cells called?

A

Chondrocytes

ii. Chondroblasts

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58
Q

Where do chondrocytes reside in the extracellular matrix?

A

Lacuna

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59
Q

What does the ECM contain?

A
  1. water (75%)

2. 25% organic material. ( Type II collagen and Proteoglycan aggregates)

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60
Q

What colour is Hyaline cartilage?

A

Grossly, it is blue-white in colour and translucent

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61
Q

What colour is Elastic cartilage?

A

Grossly it is light yellow in colour

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62
Q

what colour is fibrocartilage?

A

Grossly, fibrocartilage appears white.

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63
Q

Where is most of the calcium in the body stored?

A

bones

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64
Q

What is bone made of?

A
  1. bioapatitie (65%)- a form of calcium phosphate, mostly hydroxyapatite
  2. Collagen
  3. Water
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65
Q

What are the two types of bone found in a long bone which can be viewed with the naked eye?

A
  1. Cortical bone - makes up the diaphysis (shaft)

2. Cancellous or trabecular bone occupies the ends of the bone (the epiphyses)

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66
Q

What are the five main parts of a long bone from proximal to distal?

A

Proximal epiphyses

Metaphysis

Diaphysis

metaphysis

Distal epiphyses

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67
Q

What are the main parts of a long bone from superficial to deep?

A

Periosteum

compact bone

Marrow cavity

bone marrow

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68
Q

What is the main difference between compact and trabecular bone?

ii. what type of bone are they both?

A

the presence of spaces (marrow cavities) adjacent to trabecular bone.

ii. Lamellar

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69
Q

what is the main type of cell found in the bones?

A

osteocytes

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70
Q

What are cement lines?

A

lines that are often visible surrounding the osteon are termed

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71
Q

What do Trabecular bones lack?

A

generally lacks Haversian canals

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72
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

ii. where are they found?

A

serve as a pool of reserve osteoblasts

ii. located on bone surfaces e.g. periosteum

73
Q

What are Osteoblast cells?

ii. where are they found?

A

bone forming cells

ii. Found on surface of developing bones

74
Q

What are Osteocytes?

A

Bone cell trapped within the bone matrix

75
Q

What are Osteoclast cells?

ii. where are they found?

A

large (up to 40µm or more) multinucleated cells. which are responsible for bone resorption

ii. Surface of bones

76
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

osteoid - mixture of collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans and other organic components of the matrix

77
Q

What are differences between lamellar and woven bone?

A

Woven bone:

  1. Not as strong as lamellar bone
  2. the collagen fibres are laid down in a haphazard fasion

Lamellar bone:

  1. collagen fibres orientated all in one direction
78
Q

what type of joints are there in the upper limb?

A
  1. Acromoclavicular Joint
  2. Glenohumeral joint
  3. Elbow joint :HUMEROULNAR JOINT and radial humeral joint
  4. Proximal radioulnar joint
  5. Radiocarpal Joint
  6. Distal radioulnar joint
  7. sternoclavicular joint
79
Q

what does the radial bone move over during supination?

80
Q

where does the Lateral (radial) collateral ligament attach from?

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus to annular ligament

81
Q

What are the main joints in the hand?

A
  1. Distal interphalangeal (IP) joint ( fingers)
  2. Proximal interphalangeal (IP) joint (fingers)
  3. metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) - condyloid type joint
  4. carpometacarpal (CMC) joint - saddle type joint
82
Q

What are the axio appendicular muscles?

ii. which nerves innervate these muscles?

A
  1. Trapezius - CN XI
  2. Latissimus dorsi - Thoracodorsal nerve
  3. Rhomboid minor - Dorsal scapula nerve
  4. Rhomboid major - Dorsal scapula nerve
  5. Serratus anterior - Long thoracic nerve
  6. Pectoralis Major - Medial pectoral nerve
83
Q

What are 4 the rotator cuff muscles?

ii. what is their function?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus (Greater tuberosity)
Teres minor
Subscapularis – (Lesser tuberosity)

ii. They hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa

84
Q

How much of the head of the humerus is in contact with the glenoid fossa at any time?

85
Q

What are the muscles which make up the anterior compartment of the arm?

ii. which nerve innervates this compartment?

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

ii. Musculocutaneous

86
Q

What is the role of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Flexion of arm and forearm

87
Q

What muscle makes up the posterior compartment of the arm?

ii. which nerve innervates this?

A

Triceps brachii

ii. Radial nerve

88
Q

what is the role of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Extension of arm and forearm

89
Q

What muscles make up the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

PRONATOR TERES

FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS

PALMARIS LONGUS

FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS

90
Q

what muscles make up the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS

91
Q

What muscles make up the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS

FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS

PRONATOR QUADRATUS

92
Q

which nerves innervate the anterior compartment of the forearm?

ii. what is the action of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

ALL Median nerve, except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

ii. Flexion of the wrist and digits, pronation, abduction and adduction of the wrist.

93
Q

Which muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

BRACHIORADIALIS

EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS

EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS

ANCONEUS

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM

EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS

EXTENSOR DIGITI MINIMI

94
Q

Which muscles make up the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

SUPINATOR

EXTENSOR POLLICIS BREVIS

ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS

EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS

EXTENSOR INDICIS

95
Q

Which nerves innervate the posterior compartment of the forearm?

ii. what is the action of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

all radial nerves

ii. Extension of the wrist and digits, supination, abduction and adduction of the wrist.

96
Q

Which muscles make up the thenar eminence?

ii. Which nerves innervate it?

A

Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

ii. Recurrent branch of the median nerve

97
Q

Which muscles make up the Hypothenar eminence?

ii. which nerves innervate it?

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi

ii. Deep branch of the ulnar nerve

98
Q

What do the lumbricals attach to?

ii. which nerves innervate the lumbricals?

A

to tendons of Flexor digitorum profundus

ii. Median n. (lateral 2)
Ulnar n. (medial 2)

99
Q

what are the two main interorossei muscles?

ii. which nerves innervate the lumbricals?

A

Dorsal interossei – Abduction of digits
Palmar interossei – Adduction of digits

ii. ulnar nerve

100
Q

where does the brachial plexus originate from?

ii. what is its route?

A

Brachial plexus originate from anterior rami of C5-T1

ii. Passes through the axilla to the medial arm

101
Q

what do the cords of the brachial plexus move around?

A

Brachial artery

102
Q

What does the brachial plexus consist of from proximal to distal?

A

Think: Really Tired Drink Coffee Now

Roots (C5 - T1)

Trunks ( Superior, Middle, Inferior)

Divisions ( 3 anterior and 3 posteriors)

Cords ( Lateral, Posterior and Medial)

Nerves (MUSCULO-CUTANEOUS, AXILLARY, RADIAL, MEDIAN, ULNAR)

103
Q

Which Root innervates the Lateral third of the hand in anatomical positon?

104
Q

which root innervates the middle third of the hand in anatomical position?

105
Q

which root innervates the medial third of the hand in anatomical position?

106
Q

What is the carpal tunnel formed by?

A

Flexor retinaculum

Carpals

107
Q

what does the carpal tunnel consist of?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis (x4)
Flexor digitorum profundus (x4)
Flexor pollicis longus (x1)
Median nerve

108
Q

what is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression of median nerve
Weakness in the thenar muscles
Numbness in digits 1-3 and lateral half of digit 4

109
Q

Name the arteries from the subclavian to the deep palmar arch.

A
  1. Subclavian artery
  2. axillary artery
  3. Brachial artery
  4. Elbow anastomosis
  5. Radial/ulnar artery
  6. Superficial palmar arch
  7. Deep palmar arch
110
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the human spine?

111
Q

what are the 5 sections of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral (fused)

Coccygeal (fused)

112
Q

How cervical vertebrae are there?

113
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

114
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

115
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

116
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

117
Q

How many curves are there in a healthy spine?

118
Q

What are the two main sections of a typical vertebra?

A
  1. Vertebral body

2. Vertebral arch

119
Q

What is the name of the C1 vertebra?

120
Q

What is the name of the C2 vertebra?

ii. what specialised anatomical process does it have?

A

the Axis

ii. dens

121
Q

What is the role of the C1 and C2 vertebra?

A

Allows head rotation

122
Q

What is atypical about C7 vertebra?

A
  1. Small foramina transveraria

2. Long spinous process non bifid

123
Q

What type of joint is the intervertebral discs?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joints

124
Q

What type of joints are facet joints?

125
Q

What is the function of facet joints and intervertebral discs?

A

Allow for flexion,extension & lateral flexion of spine

126
Q

What type of facet joints does the cervical spine have?

A

Horizontal facet joints

127
Q

What type of facet joints does the lumbar spine have?

A

More vertical facet joints

128
Q

What do intervertebral disc lose as people age?

A

Water content

129
Q

What are the two main sections of the intervetrebral disc?

A

Outer annulus fibrosis

inner Gelatinous nucleus pulposus

130
Q

What parts of the spine are affected the most by degeneration of the intervetrebral discs ( loss of water)?

A

L4/5

L5/S1

131
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1 (cauda equina)

132
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the the sciatic nerve?

A

L4, L5 & S1,2,3

133
Q

What is sciatica?

A

Radiation of nerve pain along sensory distribution of sciatic nerve

134
Q

What muscles make up the erector spinae? ( muscles of the spine)

A
  1. ilioscostalis
  2. Longissimus thoracis
  3. Spinalis thoracis
135
Q

What are the ligaments of the spine?

A
  1. Anterior longitudinal ligament
  2. Posterior longitudinal ligament
  3. Ligamentum flavum
  4. Supraspinous ligament
  5. Interspinous ligament
136
Q

What does the ‘bony architecture’ of the hip joint consist of?

ii/

A

Femoral head

Acetabulum

Synovial ball and socket

137
Q

What is the acetabular labrum?

A

Fibrocartilaginous rim along the margin of the acetabulum

138
Q

What ligaments are found in the hip joint?

A

iliofemoral ligament

Ischiofemoral ligament

Pubofemoral ligament

139
Q

Name all the hamstring muscles.

A

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Long head and short head bicep femoris

140
Q

Name all the Gluteus muscles.

A
  1. Gluteus Minimus
  2. Gluteus medius
  3. Gluteus Maximus
141
Q

which muscles are involved in the flexion of the Hip joint?

A
  1. Illiopsoas
  2. Sartorius
  3. Tensor fasciae latae
  4. Rectus femoris
  5. Pectineus
  6. Adductor longus
  7. Adductor brevis
  8. Adductor magnus - anterior part
  9. Gracilis
142
Q

which muscles are involved in the adduction of the Hip joint?

A

Adductor longus

Adductor brevis

Adductor Magnus

Gracilis

Pectineus

Obturator extemus

143
Q

What muscles are involved in the extension of the Hip joint?

A

Hamstrings

Adductor magnus - Posterior part

Gluteus maximus

144
Q

which muscles are involved in the abduction of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Tensor fasciae latae

145
Q

which muscles are involved involved in the medial rotation of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus medius - anterior part

Gluteus minimus - anterior part

Tensor fasciae latae

146
Q

What is the relationship of the sciatic nerve to the acetabulum?

A

Sciatic nerve runs posterior acetabulum at the levek of the ischium

147
Q

What sciatic nerve division is most likely affected by hip dislocation?

A

common fibular division

148
Q

What is the gluteus Medius’s origin?

A

Between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines of ilium

inserts into the greater trochanter of the femur

149
Q

What is the gluteus Minimus’s origin?

A

Between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines of ilium

inserts into the greater trochanter of the femur

150
Q

What is the course of the superior gluteal nerve?

A

originates from the L4-S1 anterior rami

Leaves pelvic cavity via the greater sciatic foramen superior to piriformis

Passes between gluteus minimus and medius

151
Q

What arteries supply the femoral head and neck?

A

Medial circumflex artery ( primary blood supply)

Lateral circumflex artery

Retinacular arteries

all are branches of the profunda femoris (deep femoral artery)

152
Q

Name the deltoid ankle ligaments.

A

Anterior tibiotalar ligament

Posterior tibiotalar ligament

Tibionavicular ligament

Tibiocalcaneal ligament

153
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

ii. What attaches to form the shoulder joint?

A

Ball and socket synovial joint

ii. Humeral head and the scapular glenoid

154
Q

what is the shoulder girdle formed by?

A

Scapula

Clavicle

proximal humerus

Supporting muscles ( includes deltoid and the muscles of the rotator cuff)

155
Q

Why does the shoulder joint is dependent on the surrounding musculature for stability?

A

Due to lack of inherent bony stability

156
Q

What is the rotator cuff formed by?

A

Supraapinatus (posterior) - attaches to the greater tuberosity

Infraspinatus (posterior)- attaches to the greater tuberosity

Teres Minor ( posterior) - attaches to the greater tuberosity

Subscapularis ( anterior side)- attaches to the lesser tuberosity and is the principal rotator

157
Q

What is the role of the rotator cuff?

A

Holds the humeral head in place and provides essential movements such as pulling the humeral head into the glenoid to provide a stable fulcrum for the powerful muscle to abduct the arm.

158
Q

What two joints does the elbow joint consist of?

A

Humero-ulnar joint ( responsible for flexion/extension)

Radio-capitallar joint (responsible for supination/pronation along with the proximal and distal radioulnar joints)

159
Q

What effect does the triceps muscle have on the elbow?

ii. Where does it insert to help the elbow?

A

Helps elbow extension

ii. Olecranon process

160
Q

What effect do the biceps muscle and brachialis have on the elbow?

ii. Where do they insert to help the elbow?

A

Help flex the elbow

161
Q

Which muscles cause the supination of the elbow?

A

Biceps and supinator muscles

162
Q

Which muscles cause the pronation of the elbow?

A

Contraction of the pronator teres muscle proximally

Contraction of the pronator quadratus muscle distally

163
Q

Where does the common extensor origin arise from?

A

the lateral epicondyle

164
Q

Where does the common flexor origin arise from?

A

the medial epicondyle

165
Q

what type of joint is the knee?

A

hinge joint

166
Q

what is the knees planes of movement?

A

extension and flexion

and a small degree of rotation

167
Q

what muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the lower limb?

ii. which nerves innervate them?
iii. what are the actions of these muscles?

A
  1. Tibialis anterior:
    ii. Deep peroneal nerve
    iii. Dorsiflexes ankle joint, inverts foot
  2. Extensor digitorum longus
    ii. Deep peroneal nerve
    iii. Extends lateral four toes, dorsiflexes ankle joint
  3. Peroneus tertius
    ii. Deep peroneal nerve
    iii. Dorsiflexes ankle, everts foot
  4. Extensor hallucis longus
    ii. Deep peroneal nerve
    iii. Dorsiflexes ankle joint, extends big toe
168
Q

what muscles are found in the peroneal compartment of the lower limb?

ii. which nerves innervate them?
iii. what are the actions of these muscles?

A
  1. Peroneus longus
    ii. Superficial peroneal nerve
    iii. Everts foot, assists in plantar flexion
  2. Peroneus brevis
    ii. Superficial peroneal nerve
    iii. Plantar flexes the ankle joint
169
Q

what muscles are found in the Superficial posterior compartment of the lower limb?

ii. which nerves innervate them
iii. what are the actions of these muscles?

A
  1. Gastrocnemius
    ii. Tibial nerve
    iii. Plantar flexes the foot, may also flex the knee
  2. Soleus
    ii. Tibial nerve
    iii. Plantar flexor
170
Q

what muscles are found in the deep posterior compartment of the lower limb?

ii. which nerves innervate them
iii. what are the actions of these muscles?

A
  1. Flexor digitorum longus
    ii. Tibial
    iii. Flexes the lateral four toes
  2. Flexor hallucis longus
    ii. Tibial
    iii. Flexes the great toe
  3. Tibialis posterior
    ii. Tibial
    iii. Plantar flexor, inverts the foot
171
Q

what Structures are posterior to the lateral malleolus and superficial to superior peroneal retinaculum?

A

Sural nerve

Short saphenous vein

172
Q

what structures posterior to the lateral malleolus and deep to superior peroneal retinaculum?

A

Peroneus longus tendon

Peroneus brevis tendon

173
Q

what is the calcaneofibular ligament attached?

A

lateral malleolus

174
Q

What is the anatomical order in which the needle passes in order to reach cerebrospinal fluid?

A

superficial to deep:

skin

supraspinatus ligament

interspinous ligament

ligamentum flavum

epidural space

subdural space

subarachnoid space

175
Q

which muscle cell types only have one nuclei?

A

cardiac and smooth

176
Q

Which one of the following structures are not closely related to the adductor longus muscle?

Long saphenous vein

Tendon of iliacus

The profunda branch of the femoral artery

Pectineus muscle

Femoral nerve

A

tendon of iliacus

177
Q

what does the tarsal tunnel contain from anterior to posterior?

A

tibialis posterior tendon

flexor digitorum tendon

posterior tibial artery

posterior tibial vein

tibial nerve

flexor hallucis longus tendon

178
Q

which nerve supplies the sartorius muscle?

A

anterior division of femoral nerve

MSK (7 decks)

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