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Yr4 - O&G > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Key components of a gynae history

A

k

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2
Q

Define mammary glands

A

Modified sweat glands

  • consist of ducts and secretory lobules
  • each lobule consists of many alveoli drained by a single lactiferous duct
  • ducts converge at the nipple
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3
Q

Blood supply to breasts

A 
Medial aspect = internal thoracic artery
Lateral aspect
     - lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial branches
     - lateral mammary branches
     - mammary branches
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4
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the breast

A

Axillary - 75%
Parasternal - 20%
Posterior intercostal - 5%

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5
Q

Structures of the vulva

A 
Mons pubis 
Labia majora
Labia minora 
Vestible 
Batholin's glands
Clitoris
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6
Q

Define mons pubis

A

Subcut fat pad located anterior to pubic symphysis

- formed by fusion of labia majora

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7
Q

Define labia majora

A
  • hair-bearing external skin folds
  • extend from mons pubis to posterior commissure
  • embryologically derived from labioscrotal swellings
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8
Q

Define labia minora

A
  • hairless skin folds which lie within the labia majora
  • fuse anteriorly to form hood of clitoris, fuse posteriorly to form fourchette
  • embryologically derived from urethral folds
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9
Q

Define vestible

A
  • area enclosed by labia minora

- contains opening of vagina and urethra

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10
Q

Define Bartholin’s glands

A
  • secrete lubricating mucus from small ducts during sexual arousal
  • located either side of vaginal opening
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11
Q

Define clitoris

A
  • located under clitoral hood
  • formed of erectile corpora cavernosa tissue
  • engorges with blood during sexual stimulation
  • embryologically derived from genital tubercle
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12
Q

Vascular supply and lymphatics of vulva

A

Internal and external pudendal arteries
Drainage via pudendal veins
Lymph drainage to superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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13
Q

Innervation of vulva

A 
Anterior
- ilioinguinal nerve
- genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Posterior
- pudendal nerve
- posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
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14
Q

Histology of the vagina (internal to external)

A 
Stratified squamous epithelium
- provides protect 
- lubricated by cervical mucus
Elastic lamina propria
- dense connective tissue layer
- projects papillae into overlying epithelium
- location of large veins
Fibromuscular layer
- two layers of smooth muscle
     - inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
Adventitia
- fibrous layer
- provides additional strength to vagina
- binds to surrounding structures
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15
Q

Anatomical position of vagina

A

Anterior - bladder and urethra
Posterior - rectouterine pouch, rectum and anal canal
Lateral - ureters and levator ani muscle

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16
Q

Anatomical structure of vagina

A

Fibromuscular tube
- anterior and posterior walls normally collapsed and in contact with each other
Posterior fornix
- acts as reservoir for sperm - liquefies in 20-30 mins allowing for easier permeation through cervical canal

17
Q

Vascular and lymphatics for vagina

A 
Uterine and vaginal arteries
- branches of internal iliac artery
Venous return via vaginal venous plexus
- drains into internal iliac vein
Lymphatic drainage
- superior -> external iliac nodes
- middle -> internal iliac nodes
- inferior -> superficial inguinal lymph nodes
18
Q

Anatomy of cervix

A

Ectocervix - projects into vagina
- lined by stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
- opening is external os
Endocervical canal - proximal
- lined by mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium
- uterine cavity begins at internal os

19
Q

Functions of the cervix

A 
Facilitate passage of sperm
Maintains sterility of upper reproductive tract
- frequent shedding of endometrium
- thick cervical mucus
- narrow external os
20
Q

Venous and lymphatics of cervix

A

Uterine artery
Venous drainage by plexus in broad ligament -> uterine veins
Lymphatic drainage via iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal lymph nodes

21
Q

Anatomy of the uterus

A

Fundus - top of uterus above entry point of uterine tubes
Body - usual site for implantation of blastocyst
Cervix - lower part of uterus linking to vagina

22
Q

Anatomical position of uterus

A

Anteverted - angle of cervix compared to vagina
- uterine fundus anterior and cervix posterior
Retroverted
- backwards tipping of uterus
Anteflexed - angle of body of uterus and cervix
- forward/downward bending of body of uterus
Retroflexed
- bending backward of the body of the uterus upon the cervix

23
Q

Histological structure of uterus

A

Peritoneum - double layered membrane continuous with abdominal peritoneum
Myometrium - thick smooth muscle layer
- cells undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy in preparation to expel fetus at birth
Endometrium - inner mucous membrane lining uterus
- deep stratum basalis - changes little throughout menstrual cycle and not shed
- superfical stratum functionalis - proliferates in response to oestrogens and becomes secretory in response to progesterone
- shed during menstruation and regenerates from cells in stratum basalis layer

24
Q

Ligaments of the uterus

A

Broad ligament - double layer of peritoneum attaching sides of uterus to pelvis
- acts as mesentery and contributes to maintenance of position
Round ligament - remnant of gubernaculum
- functions to maintain anteverted position of uterus
Ovarian ligament - joins ovaries to uterus
Cardinal ligament - located at base of broad ligament, extends from cervix to lateral pelvic walls
- contains uterine artery and vein and provides support to uterus
Uterosacral ligament - extends from cervix to sacrum
- provides support

25
Q

Histology of fallopean tubes

A

Main function is to assist transfer and transport of ovum from ovary to uterus
Inner mucosa layer
- lined with ciliated columnar epithelial cells and peg cells (non-ciliated secretory cells)
Smooth muscle layer - contracts to assist with transportation of ova and sperm
- sensitive to sex steroids - peristalsis greatest when oestrogen high

26
Q

Anatomical structure of fallopian tubes

A

Fimbriae - finger-like, ciliated projections which capture ovum from surface of ovary
Infundibulum - funnel-shaped opening near the ovary to which fimbriae are attached
Ampulla - widest section
- fertilisation usually occurs here
Isthmus - narrow section of uterine tubes connecting ampulla to uterine cavity

27
Q

Functions of ovaries

A

Produce oocytes

Produce steroid sex hormones - oestrogen and progesterone

28
Q

Components of the ovary

A

Surface
- formed by simple cuboidal epithelium and dense connective tissue capsule
Cortex
- comprised of connective tissue stoma and numerus ovarian follicles
Medulla
- formed by loose connective tissue
- rich neurovascular network which enters via the hilum of ovary

29
Q

Ligaments of ovaries

A

Suspensory ligament
- fold in peritoneum extending from mesovarium to pelvic wall
- contains neurovascular structures
Ligament of ovary
- extends from ovary to fundus of uterus
- continues to labium majus as round ligament

30
Q

Venous supply and lymphatics of ovaries

A

Ovarian arteries - arise from abdominal aorta
Drains via ovarian veins into inferior vena cava
Lymphatic drain into para-aortic nodes

31
Q

Subdivisions of broad ligament

A

Mesometrium
- surrounds uterus
- laterally covers external iliac vessels
- encloses proximal part of round ligament
Mesovarium
- associated with ovaries
- projects from posterior surface of broach ligament and attaches to hilum of ovary
- enclosed neurovascular supply but not ovary itself
Mesosalpinx
- originates superiorly to mesovarium
- encloses fallopian tubes

Yr4 - O&G (19 decks)

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