Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Posterior
A
View toward the back
2
Q
Proximal
A
Term of direction usually used in reference to the limbs; meaning closer to the point of attachment
3
Q
Superior
A
View from above
4
Q
Large Intestines
A
Reabsorbs water, stores, and eliminates undigested food
5
Q
Villi
A
Small finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the intestinal walls
6
Q
Pancreas
A
Adds water to dilute the chyme and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach
7
Q
Chyme
A
Soupy substance that is created by the stomach churning and mixing the bolus food mass
8
Q
Stomach
A
Stores food and regulates movement of food into the small intestine
9
Q
Voluntary Muscles
A
Muscles that are under conscious control (like skeletal muscles - biceps)
10
Q
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
A
Nerves in the body outside of the spinal cord and brain (CNS)
11
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
Comprised of the spinal cord and brain
12
Q
Neuron
A
Cell body, axon, and dendrites
- Dendrites transmit the impulse TOWARD the cell body
- Axons transmit the impulse AWAY from the cell body
13
Q
Gametes
A
Formed in meiosis
14
Q
Male Hormone
A
Testosterone influences sperm cell development and produces secondary sex characteristics:
-Increased facial hair, body hair, and deep voice
15
Q
Reproductive System
A
Male Organs - Testes
Female Organs - Ovaries
Both produce gametes (sex cells - sperm and eggs) and hormones
16
Q
Female Reproductive System
A
Influence of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), several eggs ripen in ovarian follicles in the ovary
17
Q
Semen Pathway
A
Vas Deferens > Ejaculatory Duct > Urethra
Along the pathway are glands that produce the transport medium (semen) which includes:
- Seminal Vesicles
- Prostrate Gland
- Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland
18
Q
Hemopoiesis
A
Blood cell formation
19
Q
Muscle Contraction
A
Sliding together of actin and myosin filaments within the muscle cell or fiber
-Calcium and ATP must be present for muscle cell contraction
20
Q
Pineal Gland
A
Produces melatonin which modulates sleep patterns
21
Q
Arterioles
A
Smallest type of arteries that carry oxygenated blood
22
Q
Capillaries
A
Network in which exchanges of water, nutrients, and waste products take place between the blood and surrounding tissues
23
Q
Veins
A
Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and capillaries
-Thinner and less elastic than arteries
24
Q
Arteries
A
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
-Get thinner as they travel farther away from the heart
25
Haversian Canal
Tiny tubes that form a network to communicate with bones and their blood vessels
26
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
A record or display of a person's heart break through electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)
27
Plasma/Thrombocytes
Platelets and cell fragments that don't have a nucleus but help in creating blood clots
28
Cardiac Cycle
Period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction
- Systole (Contraction Phase)
- Diastole (Relaxation Phase)
29
Estrogen
Produced primarily by the ovarian follicles, capable of inducing estrus, develop and maintain secondary female sex characteristics and preparing uterus for reception of fertilized egg
30
Three Layers of the Heart
Outer to Inner
-Epicardium: outermost layer and in contact with serous connective layer called the pericardium
- Myocardium: second layer of the heart including the cardiac walls which lets blood flow in and out
- Endocardium: made up of simple squamous epithelium cells and lines the inside of the heart chambers and the surface of the valves
31
Digestive Tract Layers
Outer to Inner
- Serous Layer
- Muscular Layer
- Submucous Layer
- Mucous Membrane
32
Five Portions of the Large Intestines
- Ascending Colon
- Transverse Colon
- Descending Colon
- Sigmoid Colon
- Rectum
33
Testosterone Production
Produced by interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (LCSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
34
Skin
Largest organ of the body and protects body
35
Meiosis
Special cell division that takes place in the gonads (ovaries and testes)
-During this process, chromosome number is reduced from 46 to 23 so when the egg and sperm unite, zygote will have correct number of chromosomes
36
Sperm Production
Produced by FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
37
Nerve Tissue
Composed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as neuroglia
38
Sebum
Oily secretion from the sebaceous glands
39
Skeletal System
Support, movement, hemopoiesis, protection of internal organs, detoxification, muscle attachment, mineral storage
40
Four Tissues
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nerve
41
Lateral
Away from the midline or toward the sides
42
Types of Synovial Joints
Ball and socket (shoulder and hip)
| Hinge (elbow and knee)
43
Vagus Nerve
Carries extensive range of signals from the brain to digestive system and organs (vice versa)
44
Appendicular Skeleton
The limbs outside of the torso and head
45
Muscular System
Produce movement by contracting in response to nervous stimulations
46
Vertebral Column
Top to Bottom
- Cervical Vertebrae : C1-C7 Cervical Curve
- Thoracic Vertebrae : T1-T12 Thoracic Curve
- Lumbar Vertebrae : L1-L5 Lumbar Curve
- Sacrum : Sacral Curve
- Coccyx : Tailbone
47
Axial Skeleton
Bones in the torso and head
48
Osteocytes
Bone cells in the matrix
49
Osteoblasts
Cells that form compact bone and secrete matrix for bone formation
50
Osteogenic Cells
Only bone cells that divide and become osteoblasts
51
Male Reproductive System
Spermatoza develop within seminiferous tubules of each testis; the interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules produce testosterone
52
Urinary System
Consists of kidneys, ureters, unrinary bladder, and urethra
53
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
54
Basophils
White blood cells with granulocytes (least common out of all granulocytes)
55
Eosinophils
White blood cells that are "acidic loving" granulocytes
56
Neutrophils
White blood cells with granulocytes and most abundant in our blood
57
Leukocytes
White Blood Cells
58
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
59
Whole Blood
- 55% Plasma
| - 45% Leukocytes (WBC), Erythrocytes (RBC) and Platelets
60
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
| - Acts on kidney to preserve fluid and electrolyte balance by increasing water reabsorption
61
Parathyroid Gland
Regulates amount of calcium that flows into the blood and bones
62
Tropic Hormones
Stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete hormones
Endocrine Glands include:
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
63
Serotonin
Main hormone for regulating mood and feelings of well-being
64
Oxytocin
Triggers contractions in labor/abortion
The love hormone
65
Bolus
Ball of food formed after food is broken down by the teeth and saliva
66
Amylase
Enzyme in saliva that starts break down of complex carbohydrates
67
Alimentary Canal
Digestive tube that consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum and anus
68
Inhalation
Contraction of the diaphragm to expand thoracic cavity and draws air to the lungs
69
Exhalation
Passive process in which lungs recoil as respiratory muscles (like the diaphragm) relax and thorax decreases in size
70
External Respiration
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli
71
Respiratory System Components
Nose, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs with their Alveoli, Diaphragm, Muscles surrounding ribs
72
Respiratory System
Supplies oxygen to the body and eliminates CO2
73
Vasodilation
Dilation of blood vessels which decreases blood pressure
74
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessels resulting from contraction of muscular walls of the vessels; blood pressure increases
75
Muscle Tissue
Has the ability to contract or shorten
Voluntary Muscle: Skeletal Muscles
Involuntary Muscles: Smooth and Cardiac Muscles
76
Neuroglia
Connective tissue cells in nerve tissue
77
Heart Blood Flow
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Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Right/Left Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta
```
78
Transverse Plane
Horizontal Plane
Divides body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior)
79
Sensory Neurons
Afferent
| Transmits nerve impulses towards the central nervous system
80
Motor Neurons
Efferent
| Transmits nerve impulses away from the CNS and toward the effector organs such as: muscles, glands, digestive organs
81
Cerebrum
Part of the brain associated with movement and sensory input
82
Cerebellum
Part of the brain responsible for muscular coordination
83
Medulla Oblongata
Part of the brain that controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate
84
Endocrine System
Assists the nervous system in homeostasis and plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation
85
Hypothalamus
Responsible for keeping body at homeostasis (command center of the brain)
86
Hormones
Chemical changers that control the growth, differentiation and metabolism of specific target cells
87
Infundibulum
Stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
88
Blood
Transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells, carry away CO2 and metabolic wastes
89
T-Cells
Lymphocytes (WBCs) produced in the thymus gland and plays a central role in immune response
90
Nucleus
Contrains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribosomes that are important in the synthesis of proteins
91
Sympathetic System
Helps body react quickly
| Fight or Flight response
92
Parasympathetic System
Conserves energy while it slows down heart rate and increase intestinal and gland activity
Rest and Digest response
93
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial and Spinal Cavities
94
Inferior
View from below
95
Distal
Term of direction usually used in reference to limbs
Distal means farther away from the point of attachment
96
Anterior
View from the front
97
Anatomic Position
Body erect, feet slightly apart, head high, palms forwards
98
Sagittal Plane
Separates body down the middle into left and right
99
Coronal Plane
Divides body into front and back
100
Cytokinesis
Cell splits into two daughter cells
101
Anaphase
Chromosomes are now two seperate entities and move away from the middle to opposite sides
102
Telophase
Nuclear membrane begins to pinch around each set of chromosomes
103
Metaphase
Chromosomes start to align in the middle
104
Prophase
Chromosomes start to form spindle shapes and separate
105
Connective Tissue
Framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs
106
Eccrine
Most widely distributed sweat glands
Regulate body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from surface of the skin
107
Dermis
Layer of skin that consists of blood vessels, nerve endings, and associated skin structures
108
Epidermis
Layer of skin that consists of outermost protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells
109
Epidermal Cells
Contain protein pigment called melanin which protects against the sun's radiation
110
Three Major Regions in Small Intestines
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
111
Synergist
Muscles that work with the prime mover muscle
112
Sacromeres
Small unites that make up myofibrils which make up each muscle cell
113
Skin Structure
Outer to Inner
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Stratum:
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum (Mitosis occurs here)
Basale
```
114
Three Layers of Connective Tissue
Outer to Inner
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
115
Ventral Cavity
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Orbits (Eyes)
Nasal
Oral
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic
```
116
Reproductive Activity
Cyclic in women, continuous in men
117
Cell
Basic unit of life and building block of tissues and organs
118
Nervous System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Allows us to perceive external and internal environmental changes and allow our body to respond to these stimulants: the five senses, hunger, thirst, fatigue
119
Sebaceous Glands
Release an oily secretion (sebum) through hair follicles that lubricates skin and prevents drying
120
Apocrine
Sweat glands mainly in armpits and groin area
121
Protein Hormones
Remain at the cell surface and act through a second messenger which is usually adenosine monophosphate
122
Histology
Study of tissues
123
Nephrons
Small coiled tubes that filter water out of blood brought to the kidney by the renal artery
124
Aldosterone
Produced by the adrenal gland and increases reabsorption of sodium ions
125
Adrenal Gland
Found at the top of the kidney and secretes cortisol
126
Kidneys
Filter blood
127
Platelets
Element of blood that is active in the process of blood clotting
128
B-Cells
Lymphocytes which are produced in the bone marrow and are the surveillance for pathogens
129
Epithelial Cells
Cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs
130
Optic Nerve
Registers visual information
131
Olfactory Nerve
Sense of smell
