Anatomy

Question 1

The respiratory tree

Answer 1

A set of tubes that connects the nose/mouth with the millions of alveoli in the lungs

Question 2

Upper respiratory tract

Answer 2

Nasal cavities, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx

Question 3

Lower respiratory tract

Answer 3

Trachea, right and left main bronchus, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 4

What happens in the upper respiratory tract at the level of C6 vertebra?

Answer 4

The larynx becomes the trachea and the pharynx becomes the oesophagus

Question 5

Lung lobe

Answer 5

The area of the lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air

Question 6

5 lung lobes

Answer 6

Right lung: upper lobe, middle lobe, lower lobe

Left lung: upper lobe, lower lobe

Question 7

What separates the lung lobes?

Answer 7

Fissures

Question 8

Bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 8

The area of lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air

Question 9

How many bronchopulmonary segments do each lung have?

Answer 9

10

Question 10

Which cells make up the lining of the inside of the bronchial tree?

Answer 10

Respiratory epithelium

Question 11

Mucociliary escalator

Answer 11

Mucous glands secret mucous onto the epithelial surface and cilia beat to sweep the mucous (plus any foreign bodies stuck to the mucous) superiorly towards the pharynx to be swallowed

Question 12

What things can interfere with the normal beating of the cilia?

Answer 12

Cooling/drying of the mucosa and cigarette smoke

Question 13

Function of hyaline cartilage in the trachea and bronchi

Answer 13

Maintains patency of the airways

Question 14

Presence of hyaline cartilage as you move down the respiratory tree

Answer 14

The amount of cartilage gradually reduces as you move down the respiratory tree and the walls of the most distal bronchioles and alveoli do not contain any cartilage

Question 15

What is the ‘wheeze’ sound made from?

Answer 15

Air passing through constricted airways

Question 16

The main dangers in the respiratory tract that can affect breathing

Answer 16

The respiratory tract can become narrowed (bronchioles constrict e.g. asthma, swelling of mucosa lining and overproduction of mucous, growing tumour externally compressing the respiratory tract
Foreign bodies may be inhaled into the respiratory tract

Question 17

How many nasal cavities are there in the skull?

Answer 17

2

Question 18

How are nasal cavities separated?

Answer 18

By an internal wall

Question 19

Nasal septum structure

Answer 19

Bony (posterior) part of the nasal septum with ethmoid bone superiorly and vomer bone inferiorly
Cartilaginous (anterior) part of the nasal septum

Question 20

Structure of each nasal cavity

Answer 20

Relatively featureless medial wall, interestingly featured lateral wall, a floor and a roof

Question 21

What forms the floor in the nasal cavity?

Answer 21

The palate

Question 22

What forms the roof in the nasal cavity?

Answer 22

The midline part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa

Question 23

Cartilages in the ‘skeleton’ of the larynx

Answer 23

Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, 2 arytenoid cartilages (anteriorly)

Question 24

Functions of the larynx

Answer 24

Cartilages help to maintain patency of URT, helps to prevent the entry of foreign bodies into the LRT, produces sound (vocal cords)

Question 25

What is the narrowest part of the larynx?

Answer 25

The rima glottidis - this is where foreign bodies tend to block the URT

Question 26

Functions of the vocal ligaments

Answer 26

Airway protection and voice production

Question 27

Phonation and articulation - how are these sounds produced?

Answer 27

Phonation - producing sound - air is expired across the vocal cords and the cords vibrate to produce sound Articulation - producing speech - the sound is modified in the nose or mouth to produce vowels and consonants

Question 28

Aims of the Heimlich manoeuvre

Answer 28

- Raise abdominal pressure - Which will force diaphragm superiorly - Which will raise pressure in the chest - Which will raise pressure in lungs - Which will force air from the lungs into the trachea - Which will force air through the rima glottidis to expel air the foreign body out of the URT

Question 29

Main dangers to the respiratory tract

Answer 29

Cooling and drying out of the respiratory tract (damages the mucociliary escalator and predisposes to infection) and breathing in infected foreign bodies or bacteria/viruses etc which causes infection

Question 30

Functions of the conchae

Answer 30

Greatly increase the lateral walls of the nasal cavities and produce turbulent flow, bringing air into contact with the walls

Question 31

What warms, humidifies and cleans the air we breathe in?

Answer 31

Arterial supply produces warmth Respiratory mucosa produce mucous which provides moisture Sticky mucous traps potentially infected particles and the cilia waft mucous to pharynx to be swallowed, 'cleaning' the air

Question 32

Normal route for breathing

Answer 32

Breathing in → nasal cavities → nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx → trachea → breathing out

Question 33

3 sections of the pharynx

Answer 33

Nasopharynx (posterior to nasal cavities), oropharynx (posterior to oral cavity), laryngopharynx (posterior to the larynx)

Question 34

Tonsil's role in 'cleaning' the air we breathe in

Answer 34

Produce white blood cells in the defence against infection

Question 35

Location of tonsils

Answer 35

Within the mucosa lining the pharynx

Question 36

Main danger of the lungs

Answer 36

Penetrating injury

Question 37

What makes up the thoracic skeleton?

Answer 37

12 pairs of ribs, intercostal spaces, costal margin, 12 thoracic vertebrae, clavicle and scapula, sternum

Question 38

Ribs: true, false and floating

Answer 38

True ribs - ribs 1-7, attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum False ribs - ribs 8-10, attach via their costal cartilage above to the sternum Floating ribs - ribs 11 & 12, no attachment to sternum

Question 39

Parts of the sternum

Answer 39

Manubrium, body, xiphoid and sternal angle

Question 40

At which rib level is the sternal angle?

Answer 40

Rib 2

Question 41

What type of joint is a sternocostal joint?

Answer 41

Synovial joint

Question 42

3 layers of of skeletal muscles located within the intercostal space

Answer 42

External intercostal muscle, internal intercostal muscle, innermost intercostal muscle