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Medicine Respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory tree

A

A set of tubes that connects the nose/mouth with the millions of alveoli in the lungs

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2
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavities, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx

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3
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea, right and left main bronchus, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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4
Q

What happens in the upper respiratory tract at the level of C6 vertebra?

A

The larynx becomes the trachea and the pharynx becomes the oesophagus

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5
Q

Lung lobe

A

The area of the lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air

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6
Q

5 lung lobes

A

Right lung: upper lobe, middle lobe, lower lobe

Left lung: upper lobe, lower lobe

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7
Q

What separates the lung lobes?

A

Fissures

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8
Q

Bronchopulmonary segment

A

The area of lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air

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9
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments do each lung have?

A

10

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10
Q

Which cells make up the lining of the inside of the bronchial tree?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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11
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

Mucous glands secret mucous onto the epithelial surface and cilia beat to sweep the mucous (plus any foreign bodies stuck to the mucous) superiorly towards the pharynx to be swallowed

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12
Q

What things can interfere with the normal beating of the cilia?

A

Cooling/drying of the mucosa and cigarette smoke

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13
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage in the trachea and bronchi

A

Maintains patency of the airways

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14
Q

Presence of hyaline cartilage as you move down the respiratory tree

A

The amount of cartilage gradually reduces as you move down the respiratory tree and the walls of the most distal bronchioles and alveoli do not contain any cartilage

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15
Q

What is the ‘wheeze’ sound made from?

A

Air passing through constricted airways

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16
Q

The main dangers in the respiratory tract that can affect breathing

A

The respiratory tract can become narrowed (bronchioles constrict e.g. asthma, swelling of mucosa lining and overproduction of mucous, growing tumour externally compressing the respiratory tract
Foreign bodies may be inhaled into the respiratory tract

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17
Q

How many nasal cavities are there in the skull?

A

2

18
Q

How are nasal cavities separated?

A

By an internal wall

19
Q

Nasal septum structure

A

Bony (posterior) part of the nasal septum with ethmoid bone superiorly and vomer bone inferiorly
Cartilaginous (anterior) part of the nasal septum

20
Q

Structure of each nasal cavity

A

Relatively featureless medial wall, interestingly featured lateral wall, a floor and a roof

21
Q

What forms the floor in the nasal cavity?

A

The palate

22
Q

What forms the roof in the nasal cavity?

A

The midline part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa

23
Q

Cartilages in the ‘skeleton’ of the larynx

A

Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, 2 arytenoid cartilages (anteriorly)

24
Q

Functions of the larynx

A

Cartilages help to maintain patency of URT, helps to prevent the entry of foreign bodies into the LRT, produces sound (vocal cords)

25
Q

What is the narrowest part of the larynx?

A

The rima glottidis - this is where foreign bodies tend to block the URT

26
Q

Functions of the vocal ligaments

A

Airway protection and voice production

27
Q

Phonation and articulation - how are these sounds produced?

A

Phonation - producing sound - air is expired across the vocal cords and the cords vibrate to produce sound
Articulation - producing speech - the sound is modified in the nose or mouth to produce vowels and consonants

28
Q

Aims of the Heimlich manoeuvre

A
  • Raise abdominal pressure
  • Which will force diaphragm superiorly
  • Which will raise pressure in the chest
  • Which will raise pressure in lungs
  • Which will force air from the lungs into the trachea
  • Which will force air through the rima glottidis to expel air the foreign body out of the URT
29
Q

Main dangers to the respiratory tract

A

Cooling and drying out of the respiratory tract (damages the mucociliary escalator and predisposes to infection) and breathing in infected foreign bodies or bacteria/viruses etc which causes infection

30
Q

Functions of the conchae

A

Greatly increase the lateral walls of the nasal cavities and produce turbulent flow, bringing air into contact with the walls

31
Q

What warms, humidifies and cleans the air we breathe in?

A

Arterial supply produces warmth
Respiratory mucosa produce mucous which provides moisture
Sticky mucous traps potentially infected particles and the cilia waft mucous to pharynx to be swallowed, ‘cleaning’ the air

32
Q

Normal route for breathing

A

Breathing in → nasal cavities → nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx → trachea → breathing out

33
Q

3 sections of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx (posterior to nasal cavities), oropharynx (posterior to oral cavity), laryngopharynx (posterior to the larynx)

34
Q

Tonsil’s role in ‘cleaning’ the air we breathe in

A

Produce white blood cells in the defence against infection

35
Q

Location of tonsils

A

Within the mucosa lining the pharynx

36
Q

Main danger of the lungs

A

Penetrating injury

37
Q

What makes up the thoracic skeleton?

A

12 pairs of ribs, intercostal spaces, costal margin, 12 thoracic vertebrae, clavicle and scapula, sternum

38
Q

Ribs: true, false and floating

A

True ribs - ribs 1-7, attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum
False ribs - ribs 8-10, attach via their costal cartilage above to the sternum
Floating ribs - ribs 11 & 12, no attachment to sternum

39
Q

Parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid and sternal angle

40
Q

At which rib level is the sternal angle?

A

Rib 2

41
Q

What type of joint is a sternocostal joint?

A

Synovial joint

42
Q

3 layers of of skeletal muscles located within the intercostal space

A

External intercostal muscle, internal intercostal muscle, innermost intercostal muscle

Medicine Respiratory (12 decks)

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