Anatomy Flashcards
where are the places where you cannot find arteries and lymphatics
- cannot find arteries in the cartilages because they are slow growing tissues (transplantable, no rejection)
- cannot find lymphatics in brain and eyes
what vertebral plane does the aortic arch begin and end in
T4
how many veins in the LA?
4 in total:
left and right, inferior and superior pulmonary veins
significance of thymus gland
lies in the anterior mediastinum, very large in children for the purpose of T cells production. Normally shrinks in adults but sometimes proliferates, might become malignant and invade lung spaces, might be benign and asymptomatic, associated with disease of muscle weakness called myasthenia gravis
vertebral plane of the heart in recumbent position and its position relative to other structures in the thorax
T5-T8
apex of the heart lies in the 5th intercostal space of the left midclavicular line.
sits on top of the diaphragm and also move when you breathe
LA lies in front of esophagus
heart lies behind the sternum and costal cartilages of ribs 4-7
lies next to the phrenic nerves which lies between the lungs and the heart
describe endocardium
- innermost layer of the heart
- single layer of simple squamous epithelium sitting on basal membrane and connective tissue
- projections of endocardium into the chamber forms heart valves
describe myocardium
- thickest and middle layer
- composed of cardiac muscle interspersed by layers of rich capillary beds
- the muscle bundles are in different planes, arranged in a spiral manner
describe epicardium (aka visceral pericardium)
- simple squamous epithelium on some basal membrane and connective tissue
- known to be quite fatty
- contains the main branches of coronary arteries (vasa vasorum)
valves of the heart
semilunar valves: - aortic - pulmonary bicuspid valve: mitral valve tricuspid valve: right atriovetricular valve
*mitral valve is the only one with 2 leaflets, the rest have 3, the number of papillary muscles will be the same as the number of leaflets
distinguishing feature of the RA
- 3 opening: IVC, SVC, aortic sinus drain
- foramen ovale –> fossa ovalis
- musculi pectani that lies behind the crista terminalis
- tricuspid valve
- interatrial septum
- right auricle
distinguishing features of RV
- tricuspid and pulmonary valves
- 3 papillary muscles
- trabeculae carnea
- moderator band (a strip of trabeculae carnea called septomarginal trabecula)
distinguishing features of LA
- smooth and featureless
- mitral valve
- 4 openings to pulmonary veins
- left auricle (anterior surface)
distinguishing features of LV
- mitral and aortic valve
- 2 papillary muscles
- trabeculae carnea (no moderator band)
- interventricular septum
- walls 3 times thicker than RV
- apex of the heart
thoracic arteries and veins
- internal thoracic arteries: gives off anterior intercostal arteries
- descending aorta: gives of posterior intercostal arteries (together with internal thoracic arteries gives off full circle of intercostal arteries)
- internal thoracic vein: receives anterior intercostal veins
- azygous veins: 2-4 posterior intercostal veins drain into the superior intercostal vein which drained into azygous or brachiocephalic veins. The remaining posterior intercostal veins either drain in the azygous vein on the right or the hemiazygous/accessory hemiazygous veins on the left
arteries of the upper limb
aortic arch –> subclavian artery –> (at the inferior border of first rib) axillary –> brachial artery –> (at the cubital fossa) radial and ulnar artery
- axillary also branches into deep brachial which is connected to radial
- *radial and ulnar form palmar arches in the hand that branches off into digits in the finger
