Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the main functions of the nose?
A
- Breathing
2. Ofalction
2
Q
What is the role of the Conchae/Turbinates?
A
- Used to increase the surface area.
2. Used to warm and humidify air. As it produces turbulent flow
3
Q
What is below the conchae?
A
Meatus.
4
Q
What is the role of the Meatus?
A
Its where the paranasal sinuses drain into via ostias.
5
Q
What are the four paranasal sinuses?
A
- Frontal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Maxillary
6
Q
What are the two main arteries which supply the internal nose?
A
Sphenopalatine artery ( from the maxillary)
Ethmoidal artery. ( from the ophthalmic)
7
Q
What is the main nerve supply for the internal nose?
A
Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve.
8
Q
Where does the lymph vessels drain into from the internal nose?
A
First drains into submandibular node then the deep cervical nodes.
9
Q
What are the three sections of the pharynx (throat) ?
A
- Nasopharynx (posterior to nasal cavities)
- Oropharynx ( posterior to oral cavity)
- Laryngopharynx ( posterior to larynx)
10
Q
Where does the pharynx extend to?
A
From the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.
11
Q
What does the nasopharynx contain?
A
contains opening of the eustachian canal (auditory tube)- this equalises pressure.
Contains adenoids.
12
Q
What muscles surround the pharynx?
A
- superior constrictor muscles
- Middle constrictor muscles
- Inferior constrictor muscles
13
Q
What arteries supply the muscles surrounding the pharynx?
A
Pharyngeal,facial and lingual arteries.
14
Q
What nerves supply the pharynx?
A
The pharyngeal plexus ( Cranial nerves IX and X)
15
Q
What is the venous drainage for the pharynx?
A
Plexus of veins from the outer surface of the pharynx to the internal jugular vein.
16
Q
What nerve supplies the nasopharynx?
A
Maxillary nerve ( cranial nerve V)
17
Q
Where does the lymph drain into from the pharynx?
A
Vessels drain directly into deep cervical lymph nodes.
18
Q
What bone is the larynx connected to?
A
U-shaped hyoid bone
19
Q
What does the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx consist of?
A
- Epiglottis
- Thyroid cartilage
- 2 Arytenoid cartilages ( posterior)
- Cricoid Cartilage
20
Q
What are the three main functions of the larynx?
A
- Open valve, to allow air to pass when breathing.
- Protection of the trachea and bronchi during swallowing
- Speech production
21
Q
What external muscle of the larynx attaches to the thyroid membrane and cartillage?
A
Cricothyroid
22
Q
How do internal muscles of the larynx protect the lungs?
A
By sphincter action.
23
Q
Which arteries supply the larynx?
A
Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries
24
Q
What nerve supplies the larynx?
A
The vagus nerve ( Cranial X)
Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supplies the mucosa of the larynx.
External branch supplies the cricothyroid muscle.
The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies the mucosa below the vocal cords and all the intrinsic muscles apart from the cricothyroid.
25
Where do the lymph vessels drain into from the larynx?
Above the vocal cord it goes into the upper deep cervical lymph nodes
Below the vocal cord it goes into the lower cervical lymph nodes.
26
Describe the layout of the larynx superiorly to inferiorly.
1. Epiglottis
2. Hyoid bone
3. Thyrohyoid membrane
4. Thyroid notch
5. Laminae of thyroid
6. Thyroid cartiage
7. Cricothyroid ligament
8. cricoid cartilage
9. Cricotracheal membrane
then trachea.
27
Where does the larynx extend to?
Extends from the larynx to its bifurcation at the carina.
28
What rib level is the carina
Rib 2
29
What is the trachea primarily supported by?
C-shaped rings of the hyaline cartilage
30
What surrounds the trachea?
1. Thyroid glands
2. Common carotid arteries
3. oesophagus
31
What is found in the intercostal spaces between the ribs?
1. external intercostal muscles
2. Internal intercostal muscles
3. innermost intercostal muscles ( deep to the internal layer)- furthest inwardsfp
32
What does the mediastinum contain?
1. Heart and great vessels
2. Trachea oesophagus
3. Phrenic and vagus nerves
4. lymph nodes
33
What does the pleurae consists of?
Continuous serous membrane.
34
What pleura covers the outer layer of the thoracic chamber?
parietal
35
What pleura covers the inner layer of the thoracic chamber?
Visceral.
36
What is the root of the lung called?
The hilum
37
What is the pleurae double layer at the hilum called?
The pulmonary ligament
38
What artery supplies the pareital pleura?
Internal thoracic artery.
Same route for veins and lymph
39
What nerve supplies the parietal pleurae?
The intercostal nerves and phrenic nerve.
This may cause ipsilateral shoulder tip pain if inflammed.
40
What arteries supply the visceral pleura?
Bronchial artery
41
What vein drains the visceral pleura?
Bronchial veins to the azygous vein
42
What lymph vessel drains the visceral pleura?
Superficial plexus to the bronchial pulmonary nodes at the hilum.
43
Visceral pleura has a autonomic nerve supply true or false?
true.
44
What does the hilum of the lung consist of ?
1. Bronchi
2. vessels: 2 pulmonary veins one pulmonary artery
3. nerves
4. Lymph nodes and vessels
5. pulmonary ligament
45
What are the types of bronchi?
1. Primary bronchi
2. Lobar bronchi - supplies air to the lobes of each lung
3. Segemental bronchi - which supplies air to the bronchopulmonary segment.
46
How many lobes has the right lung got?
3
47
How many lobes has the left lung got?
2
48
What fissures are present on the surface anatomy of the right lung?
oblique and horizontal
49
What is present on the surface anatomy of the left lung?
oblique fissure and cardiac notch.
50
Why are foreign bodies more likely to pass through the right main bronchus than its left counter part?
As it is shorter and more vertical
51
What do airways distal to the bronchi that do not contain any cartilage use for support?
Rely on Lung parenchymal tissue and are kept open by subatmospheric intrapleural pressure.
52
What is the conducting zone?
Involved in air movement by bulk flow to the end respiratory units
53
What is the respiratory zone?
Involved in gaseous exchange.
54
What does the Acinus consist of?
1. Respiratory bronchioles
| 2. Alveolar ducts- these open into alveolar sacs which in turn open into alveoli
55
What is the blood-air interface?
Term that describes the site which gaseous
56
What is the upper 1/3 of the nasal cavity called?
ii what is it covered in?
Olfactory area (roof of nasal cavity)
ii. Olfactory epithelium
57
What is the lower 2/3 of the the nasal cavity lining made out of?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
58
What is the lining of the respiratory tract to the terminal bronchioles lined with?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
59
What is the nasopharyngeal tonsil also known as?
Adenoids
60
What are adenoids a collection of?
Mucosa associated lympoid tissue (MALT)
61
What is the oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined with?
Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
62
What is the larynx of the epithelium made of?
NKSS and respiratory epithelium.
63
What is the roles of type I pneumocytes?
They are very thin which allows for short diffusion distance.
64
What is the role of type II pneumocytes?
Produce surfactant.
65
What are the physical defences of the lower respiratory tract?
1. Filtering at the nasopharynx- hairs withing the nose and sticky mucous
2. Swallowing - epiglottis folds back, the laryngeal muscles which constrict the opening to the larynx.
3. Irritant C-fibre nerve endings- causes vagal reflex contraction of bronchial smooth muscle. Bronchoconstriction.
66
How does the cough reflex start?
Via reflex deep inspiration
67
What is the mucus film divided into?
Perciliary fluid
Superficial gel
68
What 5 examples inhibit mucociliary clearance?
1. Tobacco smoke
2. Cold air
3. Drugs
4. Sulphur oxides
5. nitrogen oxides
69
What is the role of surfactant?
Reduces surface tension and prevents the lungs from collapsing.
70
What do B lymphocytes produce?
Immunoglobulins
71
What is the most predominant immunoglobulin produced?
IgA
72
What is the role of complement proteins?
Chemo-attraction for the migration of cells
73
What produces complement proteins?
Alveolar macrophages.
74
Where is alpha 1 antitryspin produced?
Liver
75
What is the role of alpha 1 anti trypsin?
Oppose neutrophil elastase which breaks down alveolar wall connective tissue in the lungs.
76
What do alveolar macrophages secrete?
Complement proteins
cytokines
chemokines
Growth factors
77
Where do alveolar macrophages reside?
Lining of the alveoli.
78
What is the main role of alveolar macrophages?
Ingest bacteria and debris.
79
How are alveolar macrophages removed?
Mucociliary clearance
80
What is the thoracic inlet?
Top of the thoracic cavity
81
What is the thoracic outlet?
Bottom of the thoracic cavity
82
What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
Nasal cavity
oral cavity
Pharynx
larynx
83
What does the lower respiratory tract/respiratory tree consist of?
Trachea
main Bronchi
Lobar bronchi,
segmental bronchi,
bronchioles
alveoli
84
What parts of the lower Respiratory tract are located within the lungs?
Lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
85
What occurs at C6 vertebral level?
1. Larynx becomes the trachea
| 2. Pharynx becomes the oesophagus
86
How many lobar bronchi are there?
5- one each for each lobe of the lung (3 on the right 2 on the left)
87
How many segmental bronchi are there?
10- one for each of the 10 bronchopulmonary segments
88
Each lung lobe and each bronchopulmonary have their own air supply, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply true or false?
true
89
what does the lining of the inside of the bronchial tree consist of ?
(excluding distal bronchioles and alveoli)
Respiratory epithelium:
1. Goblet cells- secrete mucous onto epithelial surface
2. Cilia- beat to sweep the mucous plus any foreign bodies superiorly to pharynx
90
Where can hyaline cartilage be found in the respiratory system?
Trachea
all bronchi- decreases distally in the respiratory tree.
Not present at all in bronchioles and alveoli
91
What is the role of hyaline cartilage?
Holds open the airways ( assists with maintaining the patency of the airways)
92
What gradually increases in prominence in the distal respiratory tree?
smooth muscle- most prominent feature of bronchioles
93
How many nasal cavities are in the skull?
2
94
What does the nasal septum consist of?
Bony(posterior) part of the nasal septum consists of ethmoid bone (superior part) and vomer bone ( inferior part)
The anterior part of the nasal septum is cartilaginous
95
What do the anatomical properties of each nasal cavity have?
1. Roof- formed by midline part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa
2. Floor- formed by the palate
3. Featureless medial wall
4. interestingly featured lateral wall
96
What is the name of the opening between the larynx and the pharynx?
Laryngeal inlet
97
What is the narrowest part of the larynx called?
Rima glottidis
98
What is the role of vocal ligaments (cords)
1. airway protection- closes rima glottidis preventing inhalation of foreign bodies into the trachea
2. Voice production:
phonation (produces sound)- cords vibrate to produce sound
Articulation ( producing speech)- sound is modified by nose and mouth to produce words
99
What is the aim of the heimllich maneouvre?
1 Raise abdominal pressure
2. which will force the diaphragm superiorly
3. Raise pressure in the chest
4. Raise pressure in the lungs
5. Force air from lungs to the trachea
6. Force air through rima glottidis to expel the foreign body out of the URT
100
What conchae are there?
ii. where are they found?
superior, middle and inferior conchae
ii. Lateral wall of the nasal cavity
101
How is air humidified , warmed and "cleaned" ?
1. turbulent flow from conchae push air into contact with respiratory mucosa which have good arterial blood supply (warm)
2. Mucous form the mucosa provides moisture (humidity)
3. Sticky mucous traps potentially infected particles (cleaned)
102
Where are the adenoids found in the pharynx?
in the mucosa lining
103
What does the thoracic skeleton (cage) consist of?
12 pairs of ribs
intercostal space
costal margin
12 thoracic vertebra
clavicle scapula
sternum
104
How are the 12 pairs of ribs divided?
1-7 true ribs ( attach directly via their costal cartilage to the sternum)
8-10 false ribs ( attach their costal cartilage above TO the sternum)
11-12 floating ribs ( no attachment to sternum)
105
What does the sternum consist of?
sternoclaviclular joint
Manubrium
sternal angle
body
xiphoid process- is palpable used in emergency based medicine
106
What rib level is the sternocostal articulation (just below the joint) ?
rib 1
107
What rib level is the sternal angle?
rib 2
108
What are parts of the ribs called?
head of the rib
Neck of the rib
Rib tubercle
Shaft of the rib
costal groove- inferior on deep surface of ribs contains intercostal vessels and nerve
rib angle- where shaft changes direction
109
What is the function of the head of the rib?
articulates with the body of the vertebra of the same number
and
articulates with body of the vertebra superiorly at the same time
110
What is the function of the rib tubercle?
articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number
111
What joints join the ribs to the costal cartilage?
costochondral joints
112
What joints join the head of the rib and tubercle of the rib to the verterba?
Costovertebral joints
113
What joins the costal cartilage to the sternum?
ii. what type of joint is this?
Sternocostal joint
ii. Synovial
114
What is found in between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura?
Pleural cavity
115
From superficial to deep, name the parts of the chest wall?
| the soma
Skin
Superficial Fascia- adipose tissue (insulation)
Deep Fascia-fibrous tough tissue (protection)
Skeletal Muscle
Bone/joints
Parietal pleura
116
Where can the trachea be palpated?
At the jugular notch of the manubrium
117
What is the isthmus of the thyroid gland anterior to?
2-4 tracheal cartilages
118
What are the two main parts of the thorax?
Chest walls - contains rib cage
chest cavity- contains viscera
119
Where is the mediastinum and pleural cavities found?
chest cavity
120
How many intercostal spaces are there?
11 pairs
121
What does each intercostal space carry?
A NVB ( neurovascular bundle)
122
What is the intercostal nerve?
anterior ramus of spinal nerve
123
What posteriorly supplies the intercostal muscles?
Arterial supply- thoracic aorta
venous drainage: azygous vein
124
What anteriorly supplies the intercostal muscles?
arterial supply: internal thoracic artery
venous drainage: internal thoracic vein
125
Which is the higher "dome" in the diaphragm left or right?
right
126
What are the anatomical relationships of diaphragm?
attaches peripherally to the:
1. sternum
2. lower 6 ribs & costal cartilages
3. L1-L3 vertebral bodies
127
What nerve supplies the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerves - the combined anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves 3,4,5
128
What is the route of the phrenic nerves?
Anterior surface of the scalenus anterior
| -Lateral aspects of the fibrous pericardium
129
What are the functions of the phrenic nerves?
Supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to diaphragm and fibrous pericardium
Supplies somatic motor axons to the diaphragm
130
From superficial to deep, name the tissue of the breast.
```
Superficial fascia-
Pectoralis fascia
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
RIbs/Intercostal muscle
Parietal Pleura
```
131
What are the four quadrants of the breast?
Superolateral quadrant (upper outer)- axillary tail found
Superomedial quadrant ( upper inner)
Inferolateral quadrant ( lower outer)
Inferomedial quadrant ( lower inner)
132
where do the lateral quadrants of the breast drain into?
ii. what type of drainage is this?
axillary nodes
ii. unilateral
133
Where do medial quadrants of the breast drain into?
ii. What type of drainage is this?
Parasternal nodes
ii. bilateral
134
Name the two heads of the pectoralis major.
Clavicular head
| Sternocostal head
135
The two heads of the pectoralis major attach laterally to where?
The lateral side of the intertubercular groove of the humerous
136
What does the long thoracic nerve supply?
serratus anterior
137
What is the role of the serratus anterior?
ii. what happens if it is paralysed?
anchors scapula to the ribs
ii. Winged scapula
138
Within the costal groove what is the order of the neurovascular bundle?
(superficial to deep)
VAN- vein artery nerve
139
What are the anatomical relationships of the scalenus anterior?
it is anterior to the subclavian artery- brachial plexus is posterior to the subclavian vein
it is posterior to the sub clavian vein
140
What is lateral to the 1st rib?
subclavian vessels- they are found within the axilla so are called axillary artery and vein at this point
141
what does the anterior intercostal vein drain into?
internal thoracic vein
142
What is the anterior intercostal artery a branch of?
internal intercostal artery
143
what is the fibrous pericardium covered bilaterally with?
parietal pleura
144
what is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
Most dependent part of the pleural cavity ( most inferior when upright
located at the junction of the costal parietal pleura and diaphragmatic parietal pleura
145
what parts of the diaphragm are covered in parietal pleura?
superiorly
146
What are the main parts of the thorax that are covered in parietal pleura?
( from proximal to distal
1. cervical parietal pleura
2. costal parietal pleura
3. mediastinal parietal pleura (medial part opposite of lungs)
4. Diaphragmatic parietal pleura
147
What is the costophrenic angle?
most inferior region laterally of the costodiaphragmatic recess
148
what drains into the costodiaphragmatic recess?
ii. what does this cause?
abnormal fluid ( e.g Pleural effusion or haemothorax)
ii. causes blunting of the angles and a fluid level on a CXR
149
What does a root of the lung consist of?
1 main bronchus
1 pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
lymphatics
visceral afferents
sympathetic nerves
parasympathetic nerves
150
What are the names of the right lung lobes?
superior
middle
inferior
151
What are the names of the left lung lobes?
superior
inferior
152
What is the top part of the lung called?
apex
153
what is the bottom part of the lung called?
base
154
Do the vagus nerves descend anterior or posterior to the lung root?
posterior
155
What level is the horizontal fissure?
follows right rib 4
156
where is the middle lob found?
between right ribs 4-6
in the mid clavicular and mid axillary lines
157
what is the lung apex superior to ?
medial 1/3rd of the clavicle
158
Where are both oblique fissures found?
level of rib 6 anteriorly rising to T3 vertebral level posteriorly
159
Where is the most inferior part of the inferior lobes found?
scapula line at T11 vertebral level
160
What do the scapulas line pass vertically through?
inferior angle of the scapulas they pass through (right scapula line or left scapula line)
161
When does the left base of the lung descend into the left costodiaphragmatic recess?
full inspiration
162
what is the role of the carotid sheath?
protective tubes of the cervical(neck) deep fascia
163
What are the anatomical relationships of the carotid sheath?
attach superiorly to the bones of the base of the skull
blends inferiorly with the fascia of the mediastinum
164
What does the carotid sheath contain?
vagus nerve
internal carotid artery
common carotid artery
internal jugular vein
165
Which nerves supply the sensory receptors are responsible for stimulation due to sneezing?
ii. which sensory receptors do they stimulate?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal) and CN V (trigeminal)
ii receptors in the:
oropharyngeal mucosa
laryngopharyngeal mucosa
laryngeal mucosa
166
Which nerves supply the sensory receptors are responsible for stimulation due to coughing?
ii. which sensory receptors do they stimulate?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal) and CN X (vagus)
ii. same ones for sneezing
167
What is the course of somatic motor axons of the vagus nerve?
Travel from the tracheal bifurcation along the branches of the resp tree to supply all mucous glands and bronchiolar smooth muscles
168
What is the course of the pulmonary visceral afferents?
travel from viseral pleura and resp tree to the pulmonary plexus and follow the vagus nerve to the medulla of the brainstem
169
what does the pulmonary plexus consist of?
sympathetic axons
parasymapthetic axons
visceral afferents
170
What happens to the phrenic nerves in forced inspiration?
greater outflow of AP of longer duration allow for diaphragm to flatten then descend maximally
171
The intercostal nerves are the anterior rami of what vertebral level?
T1-T11
172
What are the accessory muscles of deep inspiration?
Pectoralis major- attaches between sternum/ribs and humerus. pulls muscle upwards and outwards
Pectorarlis minor- pull ribs 3-5 superiorly towards coracoid process of scapula
Sternocleidomastoid- attaches between sternum/clavicle &mastoid process of temporal bone
Scaleni(anterior, medius and posterior)- attach between cervical vertebrae & ribs 1-2
173
What type of muscles are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Skeletal muscles
174
where are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx found?
in between the cartilages
175
Which nerves supply the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Vagus nerve
176
What do the intrinsic muscles do to the vocal cords during the cough reflex?
adduct the vocal cords
177
which foramen in the base of the skull does the vagus nerve pass through?
jugular foramen
| then descends through carotid sheath
178
Where do the left and right vagus nerves connect with the CNS?
medulla oblongata
179
What axons do the vagus nerves supply which are important for the cough reflex?
motor axons to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
sensory to the mucosa lining the larynx
180
what are the 4 anterolateral abdominal wall muscles?
Right and left rectus abdominus
right and left external oblique (supeficial)
right and left internal oblique (middle)
right and left transversus abdominus (deep)
181
What is the apnoneurosis?
flattened tendon
182
where do muscle fibres end and apnoeurosis begin on the abdominal sheath?
linea semilunaris
183
Where do the aponeurosis of the right external oblique and the left external oblique blend with each other?
at the midline linea alba
184
the external intercostal and external obliques run in which direction?
inferomedially (as if hands go in pockets)
185
the internal intercostal and internal obliques run in which direction?
superomedially
186
the external obliques attach inferiorly where?
anterior part of the iliac crest
and
the pubic tubercle
187
the external obliques attach superiorly where?
Superficial aspects of the lower ribs
188
where do the apnoeurosis of the right and left internal oblique blend with each other?
at the midline linea alba
189
Where do the internal oblique attach superiorly?
the inferior border of the lower ribs
190
where do the internal oblique attach inferiorly?
iliac crest
and
thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back
191
where do the apnoeurosis of the right and left transversus abdominus blend together?
linea alba
192
where do the transversus abdominus attach superiorly?
deep aspects of the lower ribs
193
Where do the transversus abdominus attach inferiorly?
iliac crest and the thoracolumbar of the lower back
194
What divides the rectus abdominis into 6 packs?
tendinous intersections
195
the rectus sheath is composed of what?
the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal obliqe, transvesus abdominus
196
from what vertebra do the thoracoabdominal nerves that originate as intercostal nerves leave?
T7-T11
197
the thoracoabdominal nerves run in a plane between what muscles?
internal oblique and transversus abdominus
198
what vertebra does the subcostal nerve (a thoracoabdominal nerve) leave from?
T12 anterior ramus
199
what vertebra does the iliohypogastric nerve (a thoracoabdominal nerve) leave from?
half of L1 anterior ramus
200
What type of nerves do the thoracoabdominal nerves contain?
somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic nerve fibres
innerveate abdominal wall
201
What vertebra does the ilioinguinal nerve (a thoracoabdominal nerve) leave?
half of L1 anterior ramus
202
What do tonic contractions of abdominal muscles do?
1. maintain posture
| 2. Support the vertebral column
203
What do guarding contractions of abdominal muscle do?
protect the abdominal viscera
204
Where does the superior mediastinum become the inferior mediastinum?
Level of sternal angle ( T4)
205
What is found in the inferior mediastinum?
1. anterior mediastinum
2. Posterior mediastinum
3. Lungs
4. heart is in the middle mediastinum
206
Which main bronchus is covered in the azygous arch?
right
207
what carries oxygenated blood, and are sited inferoposteriorly within the lung root
pulmonary VEIN
208
what carries deoxygenated blood, and are sited superomedially within the lung root.
pulmonary ARTERY
209
where do bronchial arteries arise from?
anterior surface of the descending aorta
210
what is Surrounded by vessels in the root of the lung, and may appear black on dissection?
pulmonary lymph nodes
211
where is crura found?
diaphragm
212
what is a clara cell?
A non-ciliated cell found in terminal bronchioles. Acts as an immune modulator and stem cell and is able to produce surfactant.
213
what is the shape Type 2 pneumocyte (alveolar cell)?
polygonal
214
describe the Trachea.
consists of
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
goblet cells.
Incomplete cartilage rings.
Basal lamina.
Lamina propria of connective tissue and elastic fibres.
Submucosa of loose connective tissue and subserous glands.
215
describe the Larynx, excluding the vocal folds.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
and goblet cells covering cartilage
intrinsic muscles.
216
describe the Vocal folds
Stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by respiratory epithelium
217
what is the canicular?
The stage of lung maturation that takes place between 16-28 weeks' gestation. It sees the branching of terminal bronchioles into respiratory bronchioles and finally alveolar ducts.
218
what is the Endoderm?
The germ layer that forms the lining of the trachea and bronchial tree
219
what is the Respiratory diverticulum?
The structure that develops on the anterior foregut and is the first respiratory structure to develop.
220
What does the CN V nerve innervate by itself?
Provides sensory innervation to the nasal mucosa and motor innervation to the soft palate
221
describe the main bronchi.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells with
hyaline cartilage rings and cartilage plates
222
what contains keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?
nasal cavity
223
Describe the bronchioles
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with very few goblet cells.
No cartilage.
Lamina propria of smooth muscle and elastic and collagenous fibres
224
what are terminal bronchioles mainly made of?
Cuboidal epithelial cell
225
what is an immunologically active cell recruited to the lungs in the later stages of inflammation?
lymphocyte
226
What does the CN X innervate by itself?
Provides motor innervation to the soft palate and intrinsic laryngeal muscles
227
what is the saccular?
The stage of lung maturation that takes place between 28-36 weeks' gestation. The terminal sacs form, and capillaries come into close contact with the alveoli ready for gas exchange.
228
what is the bronchial bud?
The structure that is seen to develop by 28 days' gestation, found inferior to the trachea.
229
what is the alveolar?
The stage of lung maturation that takes place between 36 weeks' gestation and early childhood and involves further maturation of the alveoli
230
what is the pseudoglandular?
The stage of lung maturation that takes place between 6-16 weeks' gestation. It involves the development of multiple branches of the bronchial tree down to the level of the terminal bronchioles.
231
what is the embryonic stage?
The stage of lung maturation that takes place between 26 days' and 6 weeks' gestation. It involves the first stages of lung development, and sees the formation of the lungs' lobes and segments.
232
what is the Visceral Mesoderm?
The germ layer that forms the cartilage and smooth muscle in the thorax.
233
what is palpable on the anterior chest wall, just inferior to the acromioclavicular (AC) joint?
Coracoid process
234
what is the glottis?
opening of the vocal cords - closed when vocal cords are adducted
235
What is palpable in the trachea?
thyroid, cricoid and hyoid
