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My Endocrinology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A
  • made up of the thalamus and the hypothalamus

- is at the centre of the cerebrum

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2
Q

What is the anatomy of the diencephalon?

A
  • the thalamus with the hypothalamus below
  • the infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to there pituitary
  • the pituitary is divided into anterior and posterior
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3
Q

What hormones are made by the posterior pituitary?

A
  • oxytocin

- vasopressin (ADH)

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4
Q

What hormones are made by the anterior pituitary?

A

releasing hormones or release-inhibitory hormones

  • GH
  • prolactin
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • LH
  • FSH
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5
Q

What vessels transport the hypothalamic hormones?

A

hypophyseal portal veins

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6
Q

What is the anatomy of the hypophyseal portal system?

A 
venous
2nd capillary bed
portal vein
1st capillary bed
arterial
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7
Q

What is the anatomical location of the pituitary gland?

A
  • sits in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone
  • this fossa is within the sella turcica
  • it is just under the optic chiasm
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8
Q

What lobe do the optic tracts radiate out to?

A

the occipital lobe

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9
Q

What can a pituitary mass do to the vision?

A
  • midline compression of optic chiasm
  • nasal retinae are affected
  • bitemporal hemianopia from bilateral loss of peripheral vision
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10
Q

What are the possibilities for surgical access to the pituitary?

A
  • transcranial = under the frontal lobe

- transsphenoidal = via the nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus

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11
Q

What is the vomer?

A

the inferior part of the nasal septum

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12
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • frontal
  • maxillary
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid air cells x3
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13
Q

What can be used to gain better surgical access to the pituitary?

A

a LeFort 1 ‘down-fracture’ which is under nose across the maxilla

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14
Q

What are the relevant sheets of dura mater called?

A
  • diaphragm sellae

- tentorium cerebelli

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15
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses?

A

channels within dura mater that drain blood into internal jugular veins

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16
Q

What is the basic anatomy of the thyroid?

A

two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus (anterior to the 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea)

17
Q

What is a goitre caused by?

A

an enlarged thyroid

18
Q

What is the basic anatomy of the parathyroid glands?

A

4 on the posterior surface of the lateral lobes

  • 2 superior
  • 2 inferior
19
Q

What can there sometimes be anatomically in the thyroid?

A

a pyramidal lobe extending superiorly from the left lateral lobe

20
Q

What is the muscle in the neck which pulls down the corners of the mouth and what is it innervated by?

A

platysma which is innervated by CN7 facial

21
Q

What are the main fascial compartments?

A
  • prevertebral
  • investing
  • 2x carotid sheaths
  • pretracheal
22
Q

What does prevertebral fascia enclose?

A

vertebrae and muscles controlling them

23
Q

What does investing fascia enclose?

A

all other compartments, trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

24
Q

What are the features of the carotid sheaths?

A
  • close to thyroid

- alar fascia connects anteriorly to pretracheal fascia which descends up to head and down to mediastinum

25
Q

What do the carotid sheaths contain?

A
  • vagus nerve
  • common and internal carotid arteries
  • internal jugular vein
  • lymph nodes
26
Q

What does the pretracheal fascia contain?

A
  • oesophagus
  • trachea
  • thyroid
  • strap muscles
  • recurrent laryngeal nerves
27
Q

Where does the superior thyroid artery branch off?

A

the common carotid artery

28
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid artery branch off?

A

the right subclavian artery

29
Q

What is sometimes present in the midline of the thyroid?

A

the thyroid IMA artery

30
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid?

A
  • middle and the superior thyroid drain tot he internal jugular
  • the internal jugular and the inferior thyroid drain to the brachiocephalic
31
Q

What are the main lymph nodes that are relevant?

A
  • deep cervical (superior and inferior)
  • pretracheal
  • paratracheal
32
Q

What is the passage of the recurrent laryngeal nerves?

A
  • right= curves under R subclavian and travels up to posterior to thyroid
  • left= curves under arch of the aorta
33
Q

What are the strap muscles?

A

aka infrahyoid

  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid
  • omohyoid with superior and inferior belly (scapular attachment)
34
Q

How can the thyroid be reached surgically?

A
  • above-clavicle incision
  • endoscopic
  • through armpit
  • through breast
35
Q

What attaches the thyroid gland to the trachea?

A

the ligament of Berry

36
Q

What would recurrent laryngeal nerve injury result in?

A

paralysis of the vocal cords

  • hoarseness (unilateral)
  • aphonia (bilateral)
  • weak cough

My Endocrinology (12 decks)

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