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Gastrointestinal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What organs comprise the foregut?

A

Oesophagus to mid duodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen, 1/2 pancreas

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2
Q

What organs comprise the midgut?

A

Mid duodenum to proximal 2/3 of large transverse colon, 1/2 pancreas

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3
Q

What organs comprise the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal

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4
Q

Name the 9 regions of abdominal cavity

A 
R/L hypochondrium
epigastric
R/L lumbar
umbilical
R/L inguinal (iliac fossa)
pubic (suprapubic)
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5
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A thin, semi-permeable serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and organs

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6
Q

What is the difference between the parietal and the visceral peritoneum?

A 
Parietal = attached to the body wall
Visceral = attached to organs
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7
Q

What is an intraperitoneal organ?

A

An organ fully enclosed in the peritoneum

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8
Q

What is a retroperitoneal organ?

A

An organ that is behind the peritoneum so only partially covered

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9
Q

What is mesentery?

A

A double layer of peritoneum

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10
Q

What is the role of mesentery in the intestines?

A

Allow mobility from the posterior abdominal wall

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11
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

A peritoneal fold originating from the greater curvature of the stomach and covering the abdominal cavity, doubling back to join the transverse colon.

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12
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

A peritoneal fold from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

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13
Q

What is the omental foramen between?

A

The greater and lesser sacs of the peritoneal cavity

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14
Q

What is the pouch in males called?

A

Rectovesical pouch

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15
Q

What are the 2 pouches in females called and which is more clinically implicated?

A

Vesico-uterine pouch
Recto-uterine pouch

RU is more commonly clinically implicated

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16
Q

What is ascites?

A

Excess fluid collected in the peritoneal cavity due to pathology

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17
Q

What does abdominal pain that comes and goes indicate?

A

Pathology of intestines as pain may be coinciding with peristalsis

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18
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord for abdomenal organs?

A

Between T5 and L2

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19
Q

Describe the path of sympathetic activity from spinal cord to abdominal organs

A

Spinal cord -> sympathetic chains (no synapse) -> abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves -> synapse at prevertebral ganglia (anterior to aorta)

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20
Q

How does the sympathetic pathway differ for adrenal glands?

A

T10-L1 -> abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves -> no synapsing until reach adrenal gland cells

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21
Q

What nerves are responsible for parasympathetic innervation of abdomen?

A

CNX (vagus nerve), pelvic splanchnic nerves S2-S4

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22
Q

Describe the pathway for parasympathetic innervation of abdomen

A

Presynaptic fibres reach surface of oesophagus -> travel to periarterial plexuses around the abdominal aorta -> synapse in walls of the organs

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23
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply?

A

GI tract and other organs up to distal end of transverse colon

24
Q

What do the pelvic splanchnic nerves supply?

A

Smooth muscle/glands of descending colon to anal canal

25
What is bilirubin?
The biproduct of the breakdown of blood responsible for jaundice
26
Where is bilirubin produced?
The liver and spleen
27
What does bilirubin go on to form and where?
Bile in the liver
28
What does the portal triad consist of and what is the function of each element?
Hepatic artery (blood supply to liver) Hepatic portal vein (blood drainage TO liver) Common bile duct (bile drainage) Also nerves and lymphatics
29
What is the celiac trunk?
Major artery arising from the abdominal aorta at the T12 level
30
What does the celiac trunk supply?
The organs in the foregut
31
Name the 3 branches off the celiac trunk
Left gastric artery Splenic artery Hepatic artery
32
What is a characteristic property of the splenic artery?
Its tortuous course - it has many bends and kinks
33
What arteries supply the stomach?
Right and left gastric arteries | Right and left gastro-omental arteries
34
Give the properties of the right and left gastric arteries
Right GA - from hepatic artery (which is from celiac trunk) Left GA - from celiac trunk These run along the LESSER curvature and anastomose
35
Give the properties of the right and left gastro-omental arteries
Left GO - from splenic artery Right GO - from gastroduodenal artery (branch of hepatic artery) These run along the GREATER curvature and anastomose
36
Where does the arterial blood supply to the liver arise from?
Hepatic arteries -> right and left hepatic arteries
37
Where does venous drainage FROM the liver go?
Via 3 main hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava
38
What is found within a liver lobule?
- Interlobular portal triads at each 'corner' - hepatocytes - Sinusoids - a central vein
39
What is the central vein?
The vein in the centre of each liver lobule which collects 'cleaned' blood
40
Describe the path of blood filtration from in a liver lobule
- Branch of hepatic portal vein delivers blood - Blood travels via sinusoids lined with hepatocytes to filter it - Filtered blood is collected in the central vein - Drains into hepatic veins -> IVC
41
Name the 2 hepatic recesses
Subphrenic recess | Hepatorenal recess aka Morison's pouch - one of lowest points in supine patient
42
The venous drainage of the foregut:
Splenic vein -> hepatic portal vein
43
The venous drainage of the midgut:
Superior mesenteric vein -> hepatic portal vein
44
The venous drainage of the hindgut:
Inferior mesenteric vein -> splenic vein -> hepatic portal vein
45
What is the role of the gallbladder?
To store and concentrate bile
46
How does bile enter and leave the gallbladder?
Via the cystic duct
47
Name the blood supply to the gallbladder
Cystic artery arising rom the right hepatic artery (in 75% of people)
48
What is the location of the gallbladder?
On the posterior aspect of the liver
49
What is a cholecystectomy?
Surgical removal of gallbladder
50
Where does pain from the gallbladder arise?
In the epigastric region or the hypochondrium,or with referral to right shoulder due to diaphragmatic irritation
51
Name the 4 anatomical segments of the liver
Right lobe Left lobe Caudate lobe Quadrate lobe
52
How many functional segments are there of the liver?
8
53
Are there valves in the IVC and hepatic veins?
No
54
Where is the spleen located?
In the left hypochondrium, ribs 9-11
55
Where is the liver located?
Mainly in the upper right quadrant, protected by ribs 7-11
56
What is bilirubin used to form?
Bile

Gastrointestinal (5 decks)

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