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Gastrointestinal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What organs comprise the foregut?

A

Oesophagus to mid duodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen, 1/2 pancreas

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2
Q

What organs comprise the midgut?

A

Mid duodenum to proximal 2/3 of large transverse colon, 1/2 pancreas

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3
Q

What organs comprise the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal

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4
Q

Name the 9 regions of abdominal cavity

A 
R/L hypochondrium
epigastric
R/L lumbar
umbilical
R/L inguinal (iliac fossa)
pubic (suprapubic)
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5
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A thin, semi-permeable serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and organs

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6
Q

What is the difference between the parietal and the visceral peritoneum?

A 
Parietal = attached to the body wall
Visceral = attached to organs
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7
Q

What is an intraperitoneal organ?

A

An organ fully enclosed in the peritoneum

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8
Q

What is a retroperitoneal organ?

A

An organ that is behind the peritoneum so only partially covered

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9
Q

What is mesentery?

A

A double layer of peritoneum

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10
Q

What is the role of mesentery in the intestines?

A

Allow mobility from the posterior abdominal wall

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11
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

A peritoneal fold originating from the greater curvature of the stomach and covering the abdominal cavity, doubling back to join the transverse colon.

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12
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

A peritoneal fold from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

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13
Q

What is the omental foramen between?

A

The greater and lesser sacs of the peritoneal cavity

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14
Q

What is the pouch in males called?

A

Rectovesical pouch

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15
Q

What are the 2 pouches in females called and which is more clinically implicated?

A

Vesico-uterine pouch
Recto-uterine pouch

RU is more commonly clinically implicated

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16
Q

What is ascites?

A

Excess fluid collected in the peritoneal cavity due to pathology

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17
Q

What does abdominal pain that comes and goes indicate?

A

Pathology of intestines as pain may be coinciding with peristalsis

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18
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord for abdomenal organs?

A

Between T5 and L2

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19
Q

Describe the path of sympathetic activity from spinal cord to abdominal organs

A

Spinal cord -> sympathetic chains (no synapse) -> abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves -> synapse at prevertebral ganglia (anterior to aorta)

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20
Q

How does the sympathetic pathway differ for adrenal glands?

A

T10-L1 -> abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves -> no synapsing until reach adrenal gland cells

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21
Q

What nerves are responsible for parasympathetic innervation of abdomen?

A

CNX (vagus nerve), pelvic splanchnic nerves S2-S4

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22
Q

Describe the pathway for parasympathetic innervation of abdomen

A

Presynaptic fibres reach surface of oesophagus -> travel to periarterial plexuses around the abdominal aorta -> synapse in walls of the organs

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23
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply?

A

GI tract and other organs up to distal end of transverse colon

24
Q

What do the pelvic splanchnic nerves supply?

A

Smooth muscle/glands of descending colon to anal canal

25
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

The biproduct of the breakdown of blood responsible for jaundice

26
Q

Where is bilirubin produced?

A

The liver and spleen

27
Q

What does bilirubin go on to form and where?

A

Bile in the liver

28
Q

What does the portal triad consist of and what is the function of each element?

A

Hepatic artery (blood supply to liver)
Hepatic portal vein (blood drainage TO liver)
Common bile duct (bile drainage)
Also nerves and lymphatics

29
Q

What is the celiac trunk?

A

Major artery arising from the abdominal aorta at the T12 level

30
Q

What does the celiac trunk supply?

A

The organs in the foregut

31
Q

Name the 3 branches off the celiac trunk

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Hepatic artery

32
Q

What is a characteristic property of the splenic artery?

A

Its tortuous course - it has many bends and kinks

33
Q

What arteries supply the stomach?

A

Right and left gastric arteries

Right and left gastro-omental arteries

34
Q

Give the properties of the right and left gastric arteries

A

Right GA - from hepatic artery (which is from celiac trunk)
Left GA - from celiac trunk
These run along the LESSER curvature and anastomose

35
Q

Give the properties of the right and left gastro-omental arteries

A

Left GO - from splenic artery
Right GO - from gastroduodenal artery (branch of hepatic artery)
These run along the GREATER curvature and anastomose

36
Q

Where does the arterial blood supply to the liver arise from?

A

Hepatic arteries -> right and left hepatic arteries

37
Q

Where does venous drainage FROM the liver go?

A

Via 3 main hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava

38
Q

What is found within a liver lobule?

A
  • Interlobular portal triads at each ‘corner’
  • hepatocytes
  • Sinusoids
  • a central vein
39
Q

What is the central vein?

A

The vein in the centre of each liver lobule which collects ‘cleaned’ blood

40
Q

Describe the path of blood filtration from in a liver lobule

A
  • Branch of hepatic portal vein delivers blood
  • Blood travels via sinusoids lined with hepatocytes to filter it
  • Filtered blood is collected in the central vein
  • Drains into hepatic veins -> IVC
41
Q

Name the 2 hepatic recesses

A

Subphrenic recess

Hepatorenal recess aka Morison’s pouch - one of lowest points in supine patient

42
Q

The venous drainage of the foregut:

A

Splenic vein -> hepatic portal vein

43
Q

The venous drainage of the midgut:

A

Superior mesenteric vein -> hepatic portal vein

44
Q

The venous drainage of the hindgut:

A

Inferior mesenteric vein -> splenic vein -> hepatic portal vein

45
Q

What is the role of the gallbladder?

A

To store and concentrate bile

46
Q

How does bile enter and leave the gallbladder?

A

Via the cystic duct

47
Q

Name the blood supply to the gallbladder

A

Cystic artery arising rom the right hepatic artery (in 75% of people)

48
Q

What is the location of the gallbladder?

A

On the posterior aspect of the liver

49
Q

What is a cholecystectomy?

A

Surgical removal of gallbladder

50
Q

Where does pain from the gallbladder arise?

A

In the epigastric region or the hypochondrium,or with referral to right shoulder due to diaphragmatic irritation

51
Q

Name the 4 anatomical segments of the liver

A

Right lobe
Left lobe
Caudate lobe
Quadrate lobe

52
Q

How many functional segments are there of the liver?

A

8

53
Q

Are there valves in the IVC and hepatic veins?

A

No

54
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

In the left hypochondrium, ribs 9-11

55
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Mainly in the upper right quadrant, protected by ribs 7-11

56
Q

What is bilirubin used to form?

A

Bile

Gastrointestinal (5 decks)

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