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Neurology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

Wrapped around axons to increased action potential travel

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2
Q

Which cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwaan cells

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3
Q

Which cells create the myelin sheath in CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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4
Q

Is motor/sensory afferent or efferent?

A 
Motor = efferent
Sensory = afferent
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5
Q

How many spinal nerves are there and how many of each type?

A

31 pairs

  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
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6
Q

Describe the route of the sensory axons from spinal nerve to spinal cord?

A

spinal nerve –> posterior root –> posterior rootlets –> posterior horn of spinal cord

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7
Q

Describe the route of motor axons from the spinal cord to the spinal nerve?

A

anterior horn of spinal cord –> anterior rootlets –> anterior root –> spinal nerve

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8
Q

What do the posterior roots contain?

A

sensory fibres only

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9
Q

What do the anterior roots contain?

A

motor fibres only

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10
Q

Do the spinal nerves contain motor or sensory fibres?

A

both mixed together

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11
Q

Which dermatome is the male nipple in?

A

T4

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12
Q

Which dermatome is the umbilicus in?

A

T10

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13
Q

Which dermatomes cover the scalp, neck and shoulder?

A

C2-C4

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14
Q

Which dermatomes cover the upper limb?

A

C5-T1

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15
Q

Which dermatomes cover the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum?

A

L2-Co1

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16
Q

Which nerves are in the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

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17
Q

Which nerves make up the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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18
Q

Which nerves make up the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

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19
Q

Which nerves make up the sacral plexus?

A

L5-S4

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20
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2 (thoracolumbar)

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21
Q

Where would you find the sympathetic chains?

A

Running the length of the vertebral column

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22
Q

Where do the parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9 and 10

Sacral spinal nerves

23
Q

What causes Horner’s syndrome?

A

Compression of the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk

–> impaired sympathetic innervation of head + neck

24
Q

What level does the spinal cord end at?

A

L1/L2

25
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

All the spinal nerve roots from L2 to Co1 descending to their numbered vertebrae

26
Q

In which part of the spine is the ‘spinal nerve’ present?

A

Intervertebral foramen

27
Q

Where is caudal anaesthesia injected?

A

Into sacral hiatus

28
Q

Which spinal nerves are contained within the femoral nerve?

A

L 2, 3, 4

29
Q

Which nerve is tested with the bicep reflex?

A

C5

30
Q

Which nerve is tested with the triceps reflex?

A

C7

31
Q

Which nerve is tested with the supinator/brachioradialis reflex?

A

C6

32
Q

Which nerve is tested with the patellar reflex?

A

L4

33
Q

Which nerve is tested with the ankle reflex?

A

S1

34
Q

Which structure links the two hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

35
Q

Which artery supplies the lateral part of the brain?

A

middle cerebral artery

36
Q

Which artery supplies the middle part of the brain?

A

anterior cerebral artery

37
Q

Which two main arteries feed the brain?

A 
Internal carotid (anterior)
Vertebral (posterior)
38
Q

Which artery is formed when the left and right vertebral arteries meet?

A

Basilar artery

39
Q

When the basilar artery splits, what does it become?

A

Posterior communicating arteries (join posterior and anterior circulation, creating Circle of Willis)

40
Q

Which artery supplies the occipital lobe?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

41
Q

Name the sensory spinal tracts

A

Dorsal column medial lemniscus (DCML)

Spinothalamic

42
Q

Name the motor spinal tract

A

Corticospinal (pyramidal)

43
Q

Which modalities are transmitted in the dorsal column?

A

Fine touch
Vibration
Proprioception

44
Q

Which modalities are transmitted in the spinothalamic tracts?

A

Lateral: pain and temperature
Anterior: crude touch and pressure

45
Q

Where do the synapses occur in the dorsal column?

A

1st: Medulla (cuneate if above waist, gracile if below waist)
2nd: Thalamus

46
Q

Where does the second neurone decussate (cross) in the dorsal column?

A

Medulla

47
Q

Where do the synapses occur in the spinothalamic tract?

A

1st: Spinal cord (one or two levels above entrance)
2nd: Thalamus

48
Q

Where does the second neurone decussate (cross) in the spinothalamic tract?

A

Spinal cord

49
Q

Describe the pathway in the corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts:

A
  1. Upper motor neurone: motor cortex –> lower medulla
  2. Decussates at lower medulla, travels down
  3. Synapses with lower motor neurone at anterior horn
  4. Exits spinal cord at anterior horn and travels to muscle
50
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

Medulla

51
Q

Name an excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

52
Q

Name two inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA

Glycine

53
Q

Which level of the spinal cord is a lumbar puncture performed?

A

L3,4 or L4,5

54
Q

Which layers does the needle pass through during a lumbar puncture?

A 
Skin 
Fascia
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Epidural space
Dura

Neurology (16 decks)

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