Anatomy Flashcards
What are the anatomical planes?
Frontal (bisect through arms)
Sagittal (bisect through crotch)
Transverse (bisect through torso)
What are the anatomical directions for
- up and down?
- middle and outside?
- farther and closer to torso?
- left and right?
- front and back?
- front and back of hands?
- Cranial/Caudal or Superior/Inferior
- Medial/Lateral
- Distal/Proximal
- Left/Right
- Anterior/Posterior
- Palmar/Dorsal
Define Flexion and Extension
Flexion: two segments getting closer, or movement anterior to the trunk
Extension: two segments separating, or movement posterior to the trunk
Define Abduction and Adduction
Abduction: away from the midline
Adduction: toward the midline
Define: Autograft Allograft Xenograft Alloplast
Autograft: same individual
Allograft: same species
Xenograft: different species
Alloplast: foreign material
Define the axial and appendicular skeletons
Axial: skull, vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular: everything else
Define and describe the two internal bone structures
Cortical: hard and dense, low porosity
Cancellous (trabecular): softer and less dense, high porosity
Define the two types of bones, and describe their functions
Long Bones: movement and support, store calcium
Flat Bones: Hematopoiesis, Protect organs, store calcium
What are the two parts of a long bone
Epiphysis: Long part
Diaphysis: Ends
What loading conditions are bones best for? Worst for? Are they Isotropic or Anisotropic?
Best for compression, worst for shear, anisotropic
What is the periosteum? What interacts with it?
Double layered membrane covering bone. Outer layer attaches to muscle tendons, inner layer has osteoblasts
What are osteoblasts? Osteoclasts?
Osteoblasts: Make new bone tissue
Osteoclasts: Resorb bone tissue
What makes cartilage? What are the three types of cartilage?
Chondrocytes create cartilage out of collagen
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibrous
Describe Hyaline Cartilage
Strong and somewhat flexible Lines joints, and is then known as articular cartilage Has four zones: -Superficial -Middle -Deep -Calcified
Describe Elastic Cartilage
Provides support and is more elastic than hyaline
Contains elastin
Describe Fibrous Cartilage
Rigid, gives strong supprot
Why is cartilage hard to heal?
Not innervated and avascular. Recieves nutrition and immune response from surrounding fluid. Low rate of metabolism.
Define ligaments and tendons
Ligaments: bone to bone
Tendon: Muscle to bone
What are the types of joints?
Synarthroses: immovable joints; two bones fused together.
Ampiarthroses: slightly movable joints. Mostly for support.
Diarthroses: freely moveable joints. Use synovial fluid.
What are the types of articular joints?
Hinge: uniaxial (elbow) Condyloid: biaxial (wrist) Plane: Multiaxial (intervertebral) Pivot: Uniaxial (neck) Saddle: Multiaxial (base of thumb) Ball and Socket: Multiaxial (hip)
What is a muscle fibre? What is a motor unit?
Single muscle cell
Single motor neuron and all of its muscle fibres
What are the types of muscles? Which are striated?
Skeletal (striated)
Cardiac (striated)
Smooth
What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?
Extensibility - able to be stretched
Elasticity - able to return to normal length
Contractibility - able to shorten
Irritability - able to respond to nerve or pressure stimuli
Which side of the heart does what?
Left side receives from pulmonary and send to systemic
Right side receives from systemic and sends to pulmonary
