Anatomy

Question 1

What are the anatomical planes?

Answer 1

Frontal (bisect through arms)
Sagittal (bisect through crotch)
Transverse (bisect through torso)

Question 2

What are the anatomical directions for

• up and down?
• middle and outside?
• farther and closer to torso?
• left and right?
• front and back?
• front and back of hands?

Answer 2

• Cranial/Caudal or Superior/Inferior
• Medial/Lateral
• Distal/Proximal
• Left/Right
• Anterior/Posterior
• Palmar/Dorsal

Question 3

Define Flexion and Extension

Answer 3

Flexion: two segments getting closer, or movement anterior to the trunk
Extension: two segments separating, or movement posterior to the trunk

Question 4

Define Abduction and Adduction

Answer 4

Abduction: away from the midline
Adduction: toward the midline

Question 5

Define:
Autograft
Allograft
Xenograft
Alloplast

Answer 5

Autograft: same individual
Allograft: same species
Xenograft: different species
Alloplast: foreign material

Question 6

Define the axial and appendicular skeletons

Answer 6

Axial: skull, vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular: everything else

Question 7

Define and describe the two internal bone structures

Answer 7

Cortical: hard and dense, low porosity

Cancellous (trabecular): softer and less dense, high porosity

Question 8

Define the two types of bones, and describe their functions

Answer 8

Long Bones: movement and support, store calcium

Flat Bones: Hematopoiesis, Protect organs, store calcium

Question 9

What are the two parts of a long bone

Answer 9

Epiphysis: Long part
Diaphysis: Ends

Question 10

What loading conditions are bones best for? Worst for? Are they Isotropic or Anisotropic?

Answer 10

Best for compression, worst for shear, anisotropic

Question 11

What is the periosteum? What interacts with it?

Answer 11

Double layered membrane covering bone. Outer layer attaches to muscle tendons, inner layer has osteoblasts

Question 12

What are osteoblasts? Osteoclasts?

Answer 12

Osteoblasts: Make new bone tissue
Osteoclasts: Resorb bone tissue

Question 13

What makes cartilage? What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 13

Chondrocytes create cartilage out of collagen

• Hyaline
• Elastic
• Fibrous

Question 14

Describe Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 14

Strong and somewhat flexible
Lines joints, and is then known as articular cartilage
Has four zones:
-Superficial
-Middle
-Deep
-Calcified

Question 15

Describe Elastic Cartilage

Answer 15

Provides support and is more elastic than hyaline

Contains elastin

Question 16

Describe Fibrous Cartilage

Answer 16

Rigid, gives strong supprot

Question 17

Why is cartilage hard to heal?

Answer 17

Not innervated and avascular. Recieves nutrition and immune response from surrounding fluid. Low rate of metabolism.

Question 18

Define ligaments and tendons

Answer 18

Ligaments: bone to bone
Tendon: Muscle to bone

Question 19

What are the types of joints?

Answer 19

Synarthroses: immovable joints; two bones fused together.
Ampiarthroses: slightly movable joints. Mostly for support.
Diarthroses: freely moveable joints. Use synovial fluid.

Question 20

What are the types of articular joints?

Answer 20

Hinge: uniaxial (elbow)
Condyloid: biaxial (wrist)
Plane: Multiaxial (intervertebral)
Pivot: Uniaxial (neck)
Saddle: Multiaxial (base of thumb)
Ball and Socket: Multiaxial (hip)

Question 21

What is a muscle fibre? What is a motor unit?

Answer 21

Single muscle cell

Single motor neuron and all of its muscle fibres

Question 22

What are the types of muscles? Which are striated?

Answer 22

Skeletal (striated)
Cardiac (striated)
Smooth

Question 23

What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

Answer 23

Extensibility - able to be stretched
Elasticity - able to return to normal length
Contractibility - able to shorten
Irritability - able to respond to nerve or pressure stimuli

Question 24

Which side of the heart does what?

Answer 24

Left side receives from pulmonary and send to systemic

Right side receives from systemic and sends to pulmonary

Question 25

Blood pressure increase could indicate what?

Answer 25

Increase in:

• Blood volume
• Heart rate
• Stroke volume
• Peripheral resistance
• Blood viscosity