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Musculoskeletal system > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of joint?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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2
Q

List some examples of fibrous joints

A

Periodontal ligaments
Cranial sutures
Interosseus membranes

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3
Q

What type of cartilage is contained in primary cartilaginous joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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4
Q

What type of cartilage is contained in secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint?

A

Synchondrosis in growing long bones

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6
Q

Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

Symphysis - intervertebral discs in spnes

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7
Q

List some common features of synovial joints?

A

Synovial cavity
Articular cartilage
Fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane

(May also contain articular discs, ligaments, bursae)

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8
Q

List some types of synovial joints?

A 
Plane
Condylar (ellipsoid)
Hinge
Saddle
Pivot
Ball and Socket
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9
Q

What are the features of a joint that help to give stability?

A

Shape of articulating surfaces
Capsule and ligaments
Muscles

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10
Q

What is contained in the superficial layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage?

A

Flattened chondrocytes that produce collagen and glycoproteins (eg lubricin)

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11
Q

What is contained in the transitional layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage?

A

Round chondrocytes that produce proteoglycans such as aggrecan

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12
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

Long unbranched polysaccharides, which are highly polar and thus attract water

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13
Q

Given that cartilage is avascular, aneural and alymphatic, how are nutrients and waste transported to and from?

A

Through synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

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14
Q

What type of cells produce synovium?

A

Type B Synoviocytes (and type A)

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15
Q

What is the function of type A synoviocytes?

A

Remove debris, and contribute to synovial fluid production

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16
Q

List some properties of synovial fluid?

A
  • Viscous fluid
  • Hyaluronic acid and lubricin
  • Fluid component
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17
Q

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

A

Nutrition of cartilage
Removal of waste products
Lubrication (limit wear and tear)

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18
Q

What happens to synovial joints with ageing?

A
  • Viscosity of synovial fluid increases (slower movements, reduced lubrication)
  • Water content of cartilage decreases
  • Increased risk of damage
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19
Q

What are the spinal nerves that supply the musculoskeletal nerve?

A

C5 - C7

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20
Q

What are the spinal nerves that supply the median nerve?

A

C6-C8, T1

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21
Q

What are the spinal nerves that supply the radial nerve?

A

C5-C8, T1

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22
Q

What are the spinal nerves that supply the ulnar nerve?

A

C7-C8, T1

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23
Q

What are the spinal nerves that supply the axillary nerve?

A

C5 and C6

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24
Q

What are the tributaries of the axillary vein?

A

Cephalic vein

Basilic vein

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25
Q

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Synovial plane joint

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26
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial saddle joint

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27
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket joint

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28
Q

What are the movements of the scapula?

A 
Elevation
Depression
Adduction (retraction)
Abduction (protraction)
Upward rotation
Downward rotation
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29
Q

List some rotator cuff muscles?

A

Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

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30
Q

To abduct the arm 180 degrees, how much is the scapula rotated and how much is the humerus rotated at the shoulder joint?

A

60 degrees occurs by rotation of the scapula

120 degrees by rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint

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31
Q

What movements are conducted by the biceps brachii?

A

Flex shoulder and elbow

Supinates the forearm

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32
Q

What movements are conducted by the brachialis?

A

Flexes elbow

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33
Q

What movements are conducted by the coracobrachialis?

A

Flex and adduct shoulder joint

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34
Q

What nerve controls movements of the anterior arm muscles?

A

Musculocutaenous (C5-C7)

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35
Q

What movements are conducted by the triceps?

A

Extension of elbow joint

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36
Q

Where on the forearm are the flexors of the wrist?

A

Anterior of arm

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37
Q

Where on the forearm are the extensors of the wrist?

A

Posterior of arm

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38
Q

What movement do palmar interossei have on the fingers of the hand?

A

Adduction

PalmarAD DorsalAB!

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39
Q

What movement do dorsal interossei have on the fingers of the hand?

A

Abduction

PalmarAD DorsalAB!

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40
Q

How many carpalmetacarpal joints (CMCJ) are there in the hand?

A

5

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41
Q

How many metacarpalphalangeal joints (MCPJ) are there in the hand?

A

5

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42
Q

How many Proximal Interphalangeal joints (PIPJ) are there in the hand?

A

4 (The thumb has no middle phalanx - so proximal and distal only in fingers)

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43
Q

How many Distal Interphalangeal joints (DIPJ) are there in the hand?

A

4 (The thumb has no middle phalanx - so proximal and distal only in fingers)

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44
Q

List the carpal bones of the hand

A 
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

(She looks too pretty; try to catch her)

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45
Q

What is important to consider about scaphoid blood supply?

A 
Retrograde supply (From distal to proximal)
Fractures are more difficult to heal - risk of Avascular Necrosis (AVN)
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46
Q

What are the boundaries of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Medial - Extensor Pollicis Longus Tendon

Lateral - Extensor Policis Brevis Tendon and Abductor Pollicis Longus Tendon

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47
Q

What can be palpated in the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Radial artery
Radial styloid process
Scaphoid
Trapezium

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48
Q

List the superficial flexors of the forearm

A 
Medially:
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Palmaris Longus
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Pronator Teres
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49
Q

What is the clinical relevance of Flexor Carpi Radialis?

A

Clinical landmark for approach to radius

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50
Q

What is the clinical relevance of Palmaris Longus?

A

Used in autograft tendon transfers

Can be tested for in patients by opposing thumb and little finger with wrist slightly flexed

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51
Q

What is the only tendon to act on distal interphalangeal joints (DIPJs)?

A

Flexor Difitorum Profundus (FDP)

To test - isolate DIPJ in that finger

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52
Q

Which two tendons act on proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPJs)?

A

Flexor Difitorum Superficialis (FDS)
and
Flexor Difitorum Profundus (FDP)

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53
Q

How to you clinically isolate Flexor Digitorum Superficialis? (FDS)

A

Holing other fingers out straight - FDS has individual muscle bellies in each finger, whereas FDP has a common muscle belly that can be stopped by straightening other fingers

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54
Q

What are the extensors at the wrist?

A

Extensor Pollicis Brevis and Abductor Pollicis Longus
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Extensor Digitorum Communis and Extensor Indicis
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

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55
Q

What artery doe the superficial arch arise from in the hand?

A

Ulnar artery

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56
Q

What artery doe the deep arch arise from in the hand?

A

Radial artery

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57
Q

What test is conducted on the arteries at the wrist for intravascular access to radial artery?

A

Allens Test

Occlude both arteries at wrist. Open and release fist until blanched, release ulnar artery

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58
Q

What are the two main branches of the sciatic nerve?

A 
Tibial nerve
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
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59
Q

What are the two main branches of the tibial nerve?

A

Medial plantar nerve

Lateral plantar nerve

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60
Q

What is the definition of a dermatome?

A

Sensory are of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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61
Q

What is the dermatome for the back of the heel?

A

S1

(STAND on S1
SLEEP on S2
SIT on S3
SH*T on S4)

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62
Q

What is Hilton’s Law?

A

The nerves crossing a joint supply the muscles acting on it and the joint itself

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63
Q

In relation to nerves, why may hip disease give rise to knee pain?

A

The nerves supplying the joints (and muscles) are the same (femoral, sciatic and obdurator)

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64
Q

What nerves supply the hip joint?

A

Obdurator nerve (predominately)
Femoral nerve
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

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65
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Group of muscles supplied by one segment of spinal cord

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66
Q

What are the names for the sequential divisions of the brachial plexus?

A 
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
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67
Q

From which cord(s) does the radial nerve arise?

A

Posterior Cord

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68
Q

From which cord(s) does the median nerve arise?

A

Lateral Cord

Medial Cord

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69
Q

From which cord(s) does the ulnar nerve arise?

A

Medial Cord

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70
Q

Where does the radial nerve enter the forearm?

A

Passes between brachioradialis and brachialis

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71
Q

What is the median nerve closely associated with in the arm?

A

Brachial artery

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72
Q

Where does the medial nerve enter the forearm?

A

Passes between two heads of pronator teres

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73
Q

What ligament makes up the carpal tunnel?

A

Transverse carpal ligament

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74
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve enter the forearm?

A

Passes between two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris

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75
Q

What are the roots of the femoral nerve?

A

L2-L4

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76
Q

Which is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral nerve

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77
Q

List the contents of the femoral triangle, from medial to lateral

A

Femoral vein
Femoral artery
Femoral nerve

VAN

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78
Q

What does the femoral nerve supply?

A

Quadriceps muscles in thigh

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79
Q

What does the femoral nerve terminate in?

A

Saphenous nerve (supplies great toe)

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80
Q

What are the roots of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?

A

L2,3

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81
Q

What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve supply?

A

Sensory to lateral aspect of thigh

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82
Q

What are the roots of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

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83
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

Hamstring muscles in thigh (posterior)
Part of abductor magnus
All lower leg and foot muscles via terminal branches (tibial and common fibular)

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84
Q

What are the roots of the common fibular nerve?

A

L4-S2

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85
Q

What muscle group is the myotome of C5?

A

Shoulder abduction

eg Deltoid

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86
Q

What muscle group is the myotome of C6?

A

Elbow flexion/Wrist flexors

eg Biceps

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87
Q

What muscle group is the myotome of C7?

A

Elbow Extensors

eg Triceps

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88
Q

What muscle group is the myotome of C8?

A

Finger Extensors

eg FDS/FDP

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89
Q

What muscle group is the myotome of T1?

A

Intrinsic Hand muscles - finger abductors

eg Interossei

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90
Q

What muscle group is the myotome of L2?

A

Hip flexors

eg Iliopsoas

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91
Q

What muscle group is the myotome of L3?

A

Knee extensors

eg Quadriceps

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92
Q

What muscle group is the myotome of L4?

A

Ankle dorsiflexors

eg Tibialis Anterior

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93
Q

What muscle group is the myotome of L5?

A

Long toe Extensors

eg EHL

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94
Q

What muscle group is the myotome of S1?

A

Ankle plantar flexors

eg gatrocnemius

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95
Q

What muscles are supplied by the musculocutaenous nerve?

A

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

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96
Q

What muscles are supplied by the axillary nerve?

A

Deltoid

Teres Minor

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97
Q

What muscles are supplied by the radial nerve?

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL)
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)

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98
Q

What nerves does the radial nerve divide into?

A

Posterior interossesous nerve (Motor)

Superficial radial nerve (Sensory)

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99
Q

What muscles are supplied by the medial nerve?

A 
Flexors of forearm
LOAF muscles (Lateral lumbricals (First, second), Opponens policis, Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor policis brevis)
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100
Q

What muscles are supplied by the ulnar nerve?

A

Medial half of Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP),
Flexor Capri Ulnaris (FCU),
All Intrinsic hand muscles (Bar LOAF)

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101
Q

What nerves arise from the common fibular nerve?

A

Deep fibular nerve (Supplies anterior leg)

Superficial fibular nerve (Supplies lateral lag)

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102
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior leg muscles?

A

Deep fibular nerve

103
Q

What nerve supplies the lateral leg muscles?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

104
Q

List some shoulder muscles that attach to the greater tuberosity of the humerus

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor

SIT

105
Q

List a shoulder muscle that attaches to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus

A

Subscapularis

106
Q

List some muscles that attach to the clavicle

A 
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Subclavius
Sternoclaidomastoid
Sternohyoid
107
Q

What is the function of the labrum in the glenohumeral joint?

A

Doubles the glenoid depth and increases the surface area

108
Q

What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Blend with the capsule to protect and give stability
Hold the head of the humerus against glenoid cavity during shoulder movements
All except supraspinatus are rotators of the shoulder joint

109
Q

What is the ratio of contribution of glenohumeral and scapulothoracic ‘joints’ in shoulder movement

A

2:1

110
Q

What muscles contribute to flexion at the shoulder joint?

A

Pectoralis Major
Coracobrachialis
Biceps
Deltoid (Ant. Part)

111
Q

What muscles contribute to extension at the shoulder joint?

A

Teres major
Latissimus dorsi
Deltoid (Post. Part)

112
Q

What muscles contribute to abduction at the shoulder joint?

A

Deltoid (Middle part)

Supraspinatus

113
Q

What muscles contribute to adduction at the shoulder joint?

A

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

114
Q

What muscles contribute to medial rotation at the shoulder joint?

A

Teres major

Subscapularis

115
Q

What muscles contribute to lateral rotation at the shoulder joint?

A

Teres minor

Infraspinatus

116
Q

What muscles are responsible for scapular movements?

A 
Trapezius
Levator scaoulae
Rhomboids
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor
117
Q

What ligament links the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna?

A

Ulnar collateral ligament

118
Q

What ligament links the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the radius?

A

Radial collateral ligament

119
Q

Which muscles are the flexors of the elbow?

A

Brachialis, Biceps brachi, Brachioradialis

120
Q

Which muscles are the extensors of the elbow?

A

Triceps, anconeus and gravity

121
Q

What type of joint are the superior and inferior radioulnar joints?

A

Synovial pivot joints

122
Q

What type of joint is the middle radioulnar joint?

A

Syndesmosis (Fibrous joint)

123
Q

What muscles are involved in pronation?

A

Pronator quadratus, pronator teres

Gravity

124
Q

What muscles are involved in supination?

A

Biceps brachii

Supinator (in unresisted movements)

125
Q

A branch of which artery is enclosed by the ligament of head of femur?

A

Obdurator artery

126
Q

Name an intracapsular ligament of the hip joint?

A

Ligament of head of femur

127
Q

List the extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

128
Q

What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament of the hip joint?

A

Prevents hyperextension of the hip joint

129
Q

What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament of the hip joint?

A

Prevents extensive abduction and extension

130
Q

What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament of the hip joint?

A

Prevents excessive extension

131
Q

What provides the majority of the arterial supply to the hip joint?

A

Medial circumflex artery (branch of deep femoral artery/profunda femoris)

132
Q

What is the nerve supply to the hip joint?

A

Femoral nerve,
Obdurator nerve,
Nerve to quadratus femoris

133
Q

List the ligaments of the gluteal region

A

Sacroiliac (posterior)
Sacrotuberous
Sacrospinous

134
Q

What are the actions of Gluteus Maximus?

A

Extension of the thigh at the hip
Abduction of the thigh at the hip
(External rotation of thigh at hip, stabilise knee in extension of the thigh)

135
Q

What is the innervation of Gluteus Maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, s1-2)

136
Q

What is the arterial supply of Gluteus Maximus

A

Inferior gluteal supply

137
Q

What are the actions of Gluteus Medius and minimus?

A

Abduction of the hip

Internal rotation of thigh

138
Q

What is the innervation of Gluteus Medius/Minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4, 5, S1)

139
Q

What is the arterial supply of Gluteus Medius/Minimus?

A

Superior gluteal artery

140
Q

What are the actions of Tensor fasciae latae?

A

Assist with flexion and abduction of the thigh

141
Q

What is the innervation of Tensor Fasciae Latae?

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4, 5, S1)

142
Q

What is the arterial supply of Tensor Fasciae Latae?

A

Superior gluteal artery

143
Q

What nerve does piriformis overlay?

A

Sciatic nerve

144
Q

What is a positive trendelenburg sign indicative of?

A

Compromised gluteus medius action/ superior gluteal nerve lesion

145
Q

Which side does the ‘dipping’ occur on in a positive trendelenburg sign?

A

Dipping on the contralateral side.

146
Q

List the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh - ‘hamstring’ muscles

A

Semimembranous
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris

Extend thigh, flex leg

147
Q

What nerve roots make up the lumbar plexus?

A

T12, L1-4

148
Q

What nerve roots make up the femoral nerve?

A

L2-4

149
Q

What nerve roots make up the obdurator nerve?

A

L2-4

150
Q

List the muscles of the adductor compartment of the thigh?

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Pectineus
151
Q

What it the innervation of the adductor compartment of the thigh?

A

Obdurator nerve

Aside from pectineus - femoral nerve innervation

152
Q

List the 4 heads of quadratus femoris?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedius

153
Q

List the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

From lateral to medial -

Femoral Nerve and branches
Femoral Artery and branches
Femoral vein and proximal tributaries
Femoral canal
Deep inguinal lymph nodes
154
Q

What comprises the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

Sartorius

155
Q

What comprises the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

Adductor longus

156
Q

What comprises the base of the femoral triangle?

A

The inguinal ligament

157
Q

What comprises the anterior boundary of the adductor canal?

A

Sartorius

158
Q

What comprises the lateral boundary of the adductor canal?

A

Vastus medialis

159
Q

What comprises the posterior boundary of the adductor canal?

A

Adductor longus, adductor magnus

160
Q

Where is the pulse point located for the femoral artery?

A

Midway between the pubis symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) - midinguinal point

161
Q

What makes up the inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

The lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius

162
Q

What makes up the superior boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus and Biceps femoris

163
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Termination of small saphenious vein
  • Popliteal artery and vein
  • Tibial and common fibular nerves
  • Posterior cutaenous nerve of thigh
  • Popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
  • Fat
164
Q

What makes up the superficial group of muscles in the posterior leg?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

165
Q

What makes up the deep group of muscles in the posterior leg?

A

Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

166
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior muscles of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

167
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior muscles of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

168
Q

List the muscles of the anterior leg compartment?

A

Tibilais Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus

169
Q

What nerve innervates the lateral muscles of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

170
Q

List the muscles of lateral leg compartment?

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

171
Q

List the posterior leg structures that pass behind medial malleolus?

(Ant->Post)

A 
Tibialis Posterior (Tom)
Flexor Digitorum Longus (Dick)
Posterior Tibial a. (A)
Tibial n. (N)
Flexor Hallucis Longus (Harry)

Tom Dick AN Harry

172
Q

What ligaments make up the medial ligament of the ankle?

A

Posterior tibiotalar
Tibionavicular
TIbiocalcaneal

173
Q

What ligaments make up the lateral ligament of the ankle?

A

Posterior talofibular ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament

174
Q

What ligament of the foot is known as the ‘spring’ ligament?

A

Plantarcalcaneonavicular ligament

175
Q

What type of joint is the Sup. Tibular-fibular joint?

A

Synovial planar

176
Q

What type of joint is the Inferior Tibular- fibular joint?

A

Syndesmosis

177
Q

Which nerve innervates the Medial three toes?

A

Medial plantar nerve

178
Q

Which nerve innervates the lateral two toes?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

179
Q

What are some static hip stabilisers?

A 
Bony morphology (congruence, anteversion of ball and socket)
Labrum
Negative intra-articular pressure
180
Q

What are some dynamic hip stabilisers?

A

Musculature

181
Q

What is the innervation of the hip flexors?

A

Femoral nerve

Apart from iliopsoas - L1 Ventral ramus/Femoral

182
Q

List the hip flexor muscles

A

Iliopsoas
Rectus Femoris
Sartorius
Pectineus

183
Q

What is the innervation of the hip extensors?

A

Sciatic nerve

Apart from Glut. Max - Inferior Glut. Nerve

184
Q

List the hip extensors

A 
Glut. Max
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
(Adductor magnus)
185
Q

List the hip abductors

A

Glut. Med
Glut. Min.
Tensor Fascia Latae

186
Q

What is the innervation of the hip abductors?

A

Superior Gluteal Nerve

187
Q

What is the innervation of the hip adductors?

A

Obdurator nerve

Apart from Adductor Magnus - Obdurator + Sciatic

188
Q

List the hip adductors

A 
Adductor Longus
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Pectineus
Obdurator externus
189
Q

What is the innervation of the hip internal rotators?

A

Superior Gluteal Nerve

190
Q

List the hip internal rotators

A

Ant Fibres of Glut. Med

Tensor Fascia Latae

191
Q

List the hip external rotators

A 
Glut. Max
Piriformis
Sup. Gemellus
Inf. Gemellus
Obdurator Internus
Obdurator Externus
Quadratus Femoris
192
Q

What is the blood supply to the femoral head?

A

Capsule supply via Medial and Lateral Femoral circumflex
Intramedullary
Ligamentum Teres via acetabular branch of Obdurator Artery

193
Q

What are some static knee constraints?

A 
Collateral ligaments
ACL/PCL
Capsule
ITB
Meniscii
194
Q

What are some dynamic knee constraints?

A

Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Medial and lateral gastroc.
Popliteus

195
Q

What is the innervation of the knee extensors?

A

Femoral Nerve

196
Q

List the knee extensors

A

Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedialis

(Quadriceps Femoris)

197
Q

What is the innervation of the knee flexors?

A

Sciatic nerve

Apart from gastrocnemius - S1

198
Q

List the knee flexors

A

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Gastrocnemius

199
Q

What is the knee meniscii

A

Crescents of fibrocartilage

Medial - Attached to tibia/Lateral - Unattached at popliteal hiatus

200
Q

What is the role of meniscii in the knee?

A 
Load transmission
Stability
Lubrication
Proprioception
Shock absorption
201
Q

What helps to deepen the hip joint?

A

Acetabular labrum (fibroelastic cartilage)

Transverse acetabular ligament

202
Q

What is the strongest ligament in body (related to hip)?

A

Iliofemoral Y-shaped ligament of Bigelow

203
Q

What action is performed by muscles innervated by the femoral nerve?

A

Knee extension (Anterior muscles)

204
Q

What action is performed by muscles innervated by the obdurator nerve?

A

Hip Adduction (Medial muscles)

205
Q

What action is performed by muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve?

A 
Hip external rotation,
Knee flexion (Posterior muscles)
206
Q

What action is performed by muscles innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?

A 
Hip abduction
Hip extension (Posterior muscles)
207
Q

What direction does the leg move in hip dislocation?

A

Internally rotated

208
Q

What are the compartments of the knee?

A

Medial tibiofemoral
Lateral tibiofemoral
Patellofemoral
(Proximal tibiofibular joint)

209
Q

Where does the cartilage of the knee receive its nutrition?

A

Avascular - nutrition through synovial fluid

210
Q

What are the 5 capsular ligaments that strengthen the joint capsule of the knee?

A 
Patellar ligament
Fibular/Lateral collateral ligament 
Tibial/Medical collateral ligament
Oblique popliteal ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
211
Q

What are the four bursae that communicate with the knee joint?

A

Supratellar bursa
Popliteal bursa
Anserine bursa
Gastrocnemius bursa

212
Q

What muscle tendon passes deep to the Lateral Collateral ligament?

A

Popliteus

213
Q

What movement is prevented by the ACL?

A

Hyperextension of knee

214
Q

What movement is prevented by the PCL?

A

Hyperflexion of knee

215
Q

What muscle helps to unlock the knee?

A

Popliteus

216
Q

What causes locking of the knee?

A

Medial rotation of the femur on the tibia

217
Q

What is the most frequently injured major joint in the body?

A

Ankle

218
Q

What bone are involves in the ankle joint?

A

Distal tibia, fibula

Upper Talus

219
Q

When is malleolar grip of the ankle joint strongest?

A

During dorsiflexion

220
Q

When is the ankle joint unstable

A

Plantarflexion

221
Q

What ligaments help to support the ankle joint?

A

Medial (deltoid) and lateral ankle ligaments

222
Q

What bones are connected via the medial (deltoid) ligament of ankle?

A

Medial malleolus (of tibia), Talus, Calcaneus and Navicular

223
Q

Which is the weaker ligament - medial or lateral ankle ligament?

A

Lateral ankle ligament

224
Q

What muscles contribute to dorsiflexion of the ankle?

A

Tibilais anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus

225
Q

What muscles contribute to plantarflexion of the ankle?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Assisted by plantaris, fibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus

226
Q

What type of movement injury commonly results in ankle sprains?

A

Inversion injury

227
Q

What is a Pott fracture?

A

Dislocation of ankle

228
Q

What causes Footballer’s ankle?

A

Repeated strain on the anterior capsule

229
Q

What causes Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Tibial nerve compression - Deep to flexor retinacula

230
Q

List the tarsal bones of the foot

A 
Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Three cuneiforms
231
Q

At which joints do the movements of inversion and eversion take place?

A

Transverse tarsal joint

Subtalar joint

232
Q

What muscles are responsible for inversion?

A

Tibialis anterior

Tibialis posterior

233
Q

What muscles contribute to eversion?

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

234
Q

What are the functions of the arches of the foot?

A

Act as shock absorbers
Distribute weight over the foot
Act as springboards during walking, running and jumping

235
Q

What structures preserve the integrity of foot arches?

A 
Shapes of the united bones
Plantar aponeurosis
Long & short plantar ligaments
Spring ligament
Intrinsic muscles of foot
236
Q

In what groups of people are flat feet common?

A

Children <3 (due to subcutaneous fat)

Old people

237
Q

How can flat feet be acquired?

A

Dysfucntion of tibilais posterior

238
Q

Which muscles in the foot are bipennate?

A

Dorsal interossei

239
Q

Which muscles in the foot are unipennate?

A

Plantar interossei

240
Q

What are some accessory bones of the foot?

A

Os trigonum
Accessory navicular
Os peroneum

241
Q

What is the achilles tendon?

A

Thickest, strongest and longest tendon in body

Formed by gastrocnemius and soleus tendons

242
Q

What ligament helps to prevent pectoral girdle/arm being driven medially during lateral impact?

A

Coracoclavicular ligament

243
Q

What is the lower limb equivalent to the axilla?

A

Femoral triangle

244
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

245
Q

What is the function of the superficial MCL?

A

Primary restraint to valgus stress

246
Q

What is the function of bursae?

A

Reduce friction between tissues

247
Q

What are the three main types of vertebrae?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

248
Q

What vertebral processes allow for muscle attachments?

A

Spinous and transverse processes

249
Q

Which sections of the spine are lordotic?

A

Cervical

Lumbar

250
Q

Which section of the spine is kyphotic?

A

Thoracic

251
Q

What muscles make up the erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis
Longismus
Spinalis

252
Q

At what level does the spinal cord end in adults?

A

L1

253
Q

What is the tough outer layer of the intervertebral disc called?

A

Annulus fibrosis

254
Q

What is the gelatinous core of the intervertebral disc called?

A

Nucleus pulposus

Musculoskeletal system (5 decks)

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