Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name five parts of the body where endocrine glands can be found

A
  • cranial cavity - neck - abdomen - pelvis - perineum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State four endocrine glands in the head and neck

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, parathyroid, thyroid glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What two endocrine glands are found int he abdomen?

A

adrenal glands (above kidneys) & pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the two different endocrine glands in males & females

A

ovaries & testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the name for the thalamus and hypothalamus combined?

A

Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the purpose of the diencephalon?

A

Core of the cerebrum - connects to right/left hemispheres and midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • T- thalamus
  • H - hypothalamus
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata

MPM make up the brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the location of the pituitary gland in relation to the hypothalamus

A

It hangs off the hypothalamus by the infundibulum which connects to the posterior lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is another name for the posterior lobe?

A

Neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are hormones transported from the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe?

A

In the cytoplasm of axons (axoplasm) within the infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which hormones does the hypothalmus send to the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

Vasopressin (ADH) & Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the posterior pituitary lobe do with the hormones?

A

Neurosecretion - from nerves to blood stream. Posterior lobe regulates levels of hormone in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is another name for the anterior lobe?

A

adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe step 1 in the anterior lobe pathway

A

hypothalmic neurons secrete either releasing hormones or inhibiotory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the pathway of which the hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior lobe and beyond

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes stimulatory/inhibitory hormones to capillary bed
  2. hypophyseal portal veins carry hormones to anterior lobe
  3. anterior pituitary cells respond to the signal by releasing hormones into the capillary
  4. these hormones travel in hypophyseal veins to the superior vena cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What hormones do the anterior pituitary cells secrete?

A
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • adrenocorticotrophic intensing hormone
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • luteinizing hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the pituitary fossa found?

A

Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which nerves are embedded in the cavernous sinus?

A
  • occulomotor
  • trochlear
  • trigeminal (V1&V2)
  • abducent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the position of the nerves & arteries within the cavernous sinus

A

Nerves are in the lateral aspect while the internal carotid arteries run more medially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What structure lies directly superiorly to the pituitary gland?

A

Optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If light comes from temporal field of vision describe its path

A
  1. temporal field of vision
  2. nasal retina
  3. optic chiasm & crosses over to opposite tract
  4. opposite thalamus and radiation
  5. opposite visual cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

If light comes from the nasal field of vision describe its path

A
  1. nasal field of vision
  2. temporal retina
  3. optic chiasm & same side tract
  4. same side thalamus & radiation
  5. same side visual cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define paranasal sinuses

A

air filled spaces within the bones surrounding nasal cavities lined with respiratory mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

name four bones where paranasal sinuses can be found

A
  • frontal
  • maxillae
  • ethmoid
  • sphenoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What structure lines the entire cranial cavity?

A

Dura mater - adherent to interal aspects of all bones of the cranial vault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Give two examples of dura mater and describe where it lies within the skull

A
  • tentorium cerebelli (within the posterior cranial fossa over the cerebrum with a central gap from the brain stem to pass through)
  • diaphragm sellae (roof over the pituitary fossa)
27
Q

Which direction are pituitary tumours most likely to grow and why?

A

laterally due to the thick sheet of diaphragm sellae above

28
Q

What is the purpose of dura venous sinuses?

A

Venous channels within the dura mater that drain blood from the cranial cavity to the internal jugular veins

29
Q

Where do the dura sinuses drain into the jugular veins?

A

Jugular foraminae

30
Q

What eight structures are at risk during pituitary surgery?

A
  1. optic chiasm
  2. oculomotor nerve
  3. trochlear nerve
  4. trigeminal nerve
  5. adbducent nerve
  6. cavernous sinus
  7. internal carotid artery
  8. dura mater
31
Q

Name two surgical approaches for pituitary tumours

A
  • transcranial
  • transsphenoidal
32
Q

How will injury to the optic chiasm present?

A

bitemporal hemianopia

33
Q

How will injury to the oculomotor nerve present?

A

Dilated pupil

34
Q

How will injury to the trochlear nerve present?

A

Inability to look down/out

35
Q

How will injury to the trigeminal nerve present?

A

sensory symptoms & difficultly chewing

36
Q

What will injury to the abducent nerve result in?

A

inability to abduct eyes

37
Q

Injury to the cavernous sinus will result in what?

A

Venous haemorrhage

38
Q

If the internal carotid artery is injured what will happen?

A

Arterial haemorrhage

39
Q

How will injury to the dura mater present?

A

CSF leak

40
Q

Describe the location of the thyroid gland

A

Attaches to the lateral aspects of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage and the isthmus lies directly in front of the 2nd & 3rd cartilage of the trachea

41
Q

What is the name for an enlarged thyroid gland?

A

Goitre

42
Q

Where can the parathyroid glands be found? How many are there?

A

posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands lateral lobes, there are four - two superior and two inferior on each side

43
Q

What is a common variant in the thyroid gland?

A

pyramidal lobe - most attach to the left lobe and superiorly to the thyroid cartilage

44
Q

Where does the thyroid gland originate from embryologically?

A

Tongue - it migrates down via the thyroglossal duct

45
Q

What is the name of the muscles located immediately deep to the skin?

A

Platysma muscles

46
Q

What is the nerve supply to the platysma muscles?

A

Facial nerve (CNVII)

47
Q

Name the four fascial compartments of the neck

A
  1. prevertebral
  2. investing
  3. carotid sheaths
  4. pretracheal
48
Q

What can be found int he prevertebral fascia?

A
  • postural neck muscles
  • cervical vertebrae
49
Q

Name the muscles found in the investing fascia

A
  • trapezius
  • sternocleomastoid
50
Q

What can be found within the carotid sheaths?

A
  • vagus nerves
  • deep cervical lymph nodes
  • carotid arteries
  • internal jugular vein
51
Q

Name the structure that joins the two carotid sheaths

A

alar fascia

52
Q

What can be found in the pretracheal fascia?

A
  • oesophagus
  • trachea
  • thyroid gland
  • strap muscles
  • recurrent laryngeal nerve
53
Q

Describe the blood supply to thyroid/parathyroid glands

A

Inferior thyroid artery (comes from the subclavian artery)

Superior thyroid artery (comes from external carotid artery)

54
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the thyroid/parathyroid glands

A

superior & middle veins –> internal jugular & brachiocephalic

inferior –> brachiocephalic

both then go to SVC

55
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland?

A
  • superior deep cervical lymph nodes
  • (right) inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
  • tracheal lymph nodes (pre and para tracheal)
56
Q

Describe the pathway of the vagus nerve

A
  1. medulla oblongata
  2. jugular foramen
  3. carotid sheath
  4. right - lateral to trachea, left - left side of aortic arch
  5. terminal branches on stomach (to organs and distal midgut)
57
Q

Describe the pathway of the recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

left - recurs under the arch of the aorta

right - recurs under the subclavian artery

58
Q

Name the four strap muscles

A
  • thyrohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • sternohyoid
  • omohyoid
59
Q

What is the nerve supply to the strap muscles?

A

ansa cervicalis (C1-3)

except thyrohyoid - C1 runs with the hypoglossal nerve

60
Q

Where is the incision made for a thyroidectomy?

A

superior to the clavicles & jugular notch along natural skin crease or langer’s lines - made through the skin & platysma

61
Q

What is the risk of a thyroidectomy?

A

Injury to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

62
Q

Describe the purpose of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Provides motor supply to most of skeletal muscles that move the right vocal cord

63
Q

What will unilateral injury to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve result in?

A

hoarseness/weakness of the voice & weak cough

64
Q

What will bilateral injury to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve result in?

A

aphonia (inability to produce sound) and inability to close rima glottidis to prevent aspiration or produce a good cough

Endocrine (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions