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ASMIRT CT Exam > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the largest terminal branch of the internal carotid artery?

A

Middle cerebral artery

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2
Q

Which cerebral artery supplies the anterior and superior portions of the cerebrum?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

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3
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus located?

A

Either side of the sella turcica

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4
Q

Which venous structures form the straight sinus?

A

Internal/great cerebral vein and inferior sagittal sinus

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5
Q

Which sinuses join to form the confluence of venous sinuses?

A

Superior sagittal, straight and occipital

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6
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

Between left and right diencephalic structures, inferior to the body of the lateral ventricles

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7
Q

What structures surround the fourth ventricle?

A

Brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons), cerebellum

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8
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

A

To produce CSF

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9
Q

Where is the choroid plexus located?

A

Roof of third and fourth ventricles, floor of body and inferior horn of lateral ventricles

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10
Q

Where is the basal (interpeduncular) cistern located?

A

Between temporal lobes anteriorly , encloses cerebral peduncles, courses anteriorly, superior to cerebellum

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11
Q

What structures surround the quadrigeminal (ambient) cistern?

A

Between colliculi (midbrain), splenium of corpus callosum and superior surface of the cerebellum

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12
Q

What structures does the foramen on monro (interventricular foranen) connect?

A

Lateral and third ventricles

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13
Q

What structure does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

A

Third and fourth ventricles

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14
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located in relation to the ventricular system?

A

Anterior to the interpeduncular cistern

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15
Q

Where is the pineal gland located in relation to the ventricular system?

A

Posterior to the third ventricle

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16
Q

Name the two layers of dura mater

A

Inner (meningeal) and outer (endosteal)

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17
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Projection of dura mater that extends into the longitudinal fissure

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18
Q

What structures does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

A

Occipital lobe and cerebellum

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19
Q

What structure separates the cerebellar lobes?

A

Falx cerebelli

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20
Q

What does pia mater attach to in the brain?

A

Cerebrum

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21
Q

What structures are present in arachnoid mater?

A

Vessels and arachnoid granulations

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22
Q

What and where is the Sylvian fissure?

A

Deep recess that separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes, contains the insula lobe

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23
Q

What structures does the central sulcus separate?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

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24
Q

Name the four parts of the corpus callosum

A

Rostrum, genu, body, splenium

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25
Q

What is the function of each part of the corpus callosum?

A

Rostrum & genu: Connects frontal lobes
Body: Connects parietal lobes
Splenium: Connects occipital lobes

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26
Q

What hormones does each lobe of the pituitary gland produce (or in relation to)?

A 
Posterior lobe:
Adenocorticotrophic (growth hormone)
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Follicle stimulating, luteinising, prolactin (reproductive)
Endorphins (mood)

Anterior lobe:
Vasopressin (antidiuretic)
Oxytocin

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27
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

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28
Q

Where is the thalamus located and what is its function?

A

Located medial to the basal nuclei and lateral to the third ventricle. Its function is to control consciousness and alertness

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29
Q

Where is the head of the caudate nucleus located and what is its function?

A

Head of the caudate nucleus bulges into the anterior horn and body of the lateral ventricles. Its function is to control learning and memories

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30
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

An area of white matter that allows access to and from cerebral cortex via the corona radiata, consists of anterior limb, posterior limb and genu

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31
Q

What two structures creates the lentiform nucleus and what is its function?

A

Globus pallidus (medially), putamen (laterally). Its function is to control movement

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32
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

A few cell bodies and long myelinated axon tracts

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33
Q

What is grey matter made up of?

A

Numerous cell bodies and few myelinated axon tracts

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34
Q

Where do nerve fibres decussate (cross over)?

A

Medulla oblongata

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35
Q

What are the 3 origins of the aortic arch?

A

Right brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian

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36
Q

At which level is the bifurcation of the common carotid?

A

C3/4

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37
Q

What does the internal and external carotid arteries supply?

A

Internal: brain
External: extracranial structures

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38
Q

What is contained within the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve

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39
Q

What are the tributaries of the brachiocephalic vein?

A

Left internal jugular and left subclavian

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40
Q

Where is the cricoid cartilage located?

A

Posteriorly to the airways at the level of C6

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41
Q

Where is the thyroid cartilage located?

A

Anteriorly to the airways and superior to the thyroid at the level of C5

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42
Q

At which vertebral level if the epiglottis located?

A

C5

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43
Q

What is the piriform fossa and at which vertebral level is it located?

A

Pear shaped subsite of the hypopharynx located at C5

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44
Q

What is the function of the thyroid?

A

Take iodine from food to create thyroid hormones e.g. thyroxine which regulate metabolic processes

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45
Q

Name the locations of salivary glands

A

Submandibular, parotid, accessory parotid, sublingual

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46
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the platysma?

A

Origin: deltiod
Insertion: mandible

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47
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Origin: manubrium
Insertion: mastoid process

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48
Q

How many true ribs does the thorax have?

A

7

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49
Q

How many false ribs does the thorax have?

A

5

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50
Q

At which vertebral level does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate?

A

T5

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51
Q

Where does the aygos vein receive blood from?

A

Right posterior intercostal veins

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52
Q

Where does the hemi azygos vein receive blood from?

A

Left posterior intercostal veins

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53
Q

At what level do the hemiazygos vein and azygos vein join and of which vein are they a tributary?

A

T9 and IVC

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54
Q

What are the names of the valves of the right side of the heart?

A 
Tricuspid valve (right atrium to ventricle)
Pulmonary valve (ventricle to pulmonary arteries)
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55
Q

What are the names of the valves of the left side of the heart?

A 
Mitral valve (left atrium to ventricle)
Aortic valve (ventricle to aorta)
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56
Q

Name the four pulmonary veins

A

Left superior, left inferior, right superior, right inferior

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57
Q

What is the left atrial appendage and where is it located?

A

Small sac like appendage is joined to and sits superiorly to the right atrium

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58
Q

At what vertebral level is the bifurcation of the trachea

A

T4/5

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59
Q

Name the lobar bronchus

A

Superior, middle and inferior

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60
Q

What fissures are present in the left and right lungs and which lobes do they separate?

A

Left: oblique fissure separating superior and inferior lobes
Right: Oblique fissure separating middle and inferior lobes
Horizontal fissure separating middle and superior lobes

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61
Q

Describe pleura and its layers

A

Pleura is a serious membrane enveloping the lung with the exception of the hilum. Parietal pleura attaches to the wall of the thorax and visceral pleura attaches to the outside lung parenchyma

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62
Q

At which vertebral level is the caval foramen and carries which nerve through it?

A

T8 & phrenic nerve

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63
Q

At which vertebral level is the oesophageal hiatus and carries which nerve through it?

A

T10 & vagus nerve

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64
Q

At which vertebral level is the aortic hiatus?

A

T12

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65
Q

Which pelvic landmarks make up the pelvic brim?

A

Sacral promontory, acruate line and pubic crest

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66
Q

At which vertebral level is the coelic trunk and what are its branches?

A

T12 & left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery

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67
Q

At which vertebral level is the superior mesenteric artery and which organs does it supply?

A

L1 & Jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon, caecum

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68
Q

At which vertebral level are the renal vessels and which vessel is more anterior?

A

L1 & vein is more anterior

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69
Q

At which vertebral level is the gonadal arteries?

A

L2

70
Q

At which vertebral level is the inferior mesenteric arteries and which organs does it supply?

A

L3 & distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid

71
Q

At which level does the aorta bifurcate and what are its branches?

A

L4/5 & left and right common iliac arteries

72
Q

What are the branches of the common hepatic artery?

A

Right gastric and gastroduodenal artery

73
Q

At which vertebral level is the suprarenals and name the branches

A

L1 & superior, middle and inferior

74
Q

Which vessels supply the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Left and right gastroepiploic

75
Q

After branching the right gastric artery what does the common hepatic artery do?

A

Continues to become the hepatic artery proper and then branches to become the left and right hepatic arteries

76
Q

In the female which major artery branches the uterine and vaginal artery?

A

Internal iliac

77
Q

In the male where does the gonadal artery leave the pelvis?

A

Deep inguinal ring

78
Q

What does the external iliac artery continue on to become?

A

Femoral artery

79
Q

Which organs does the inferior mesenteric vein receive blood from?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid

80
Q

Which organs does the superior mesenteric vein receive blood from?

A

Ascending colon, proximal 1/3 transverse colon, jejunum, ileum, caecum

81
Q

Which veins are tributaries of the portal vein?

A

IMV, SMV, splenic vein

82
Q

Which arteries join before forming the portal vein?

A

IMV and splenic vein

83
Q

At which vertebral level does the common iliac veins join to for the IVC?

A

L5

84
Q

Where is the caudate lobe located?

A

Medial to the IVC

85
Q

What is contained in the hepatic pedicle?

A

Portal vein, common hepatic duct, hepatic artery proper, supraduodenal part of common bile duct, portion of cystic artery and duct

86
Q

What is the purpose of the falciform ligament?

A

Separate left and right lobes of the liver as well as attaching the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

87
Q

What area of the liver is void of peritoneum?

A

Superior and posterior

88
Q

Where is the gall bladder located?

A

Between the quadrate and right lobes

89
Q

What is a distinct structural feature of the cystic duct?

A

It contains mucosal folds called the spiral valve which keeps the duct constantly open

90
Q

The common bile duct is formed by the union of which two structures?

A

Cystic duct and common hepatic duct

91
Q

What structures join to form the Ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla) and where is it located?

A

Common bile duct and main pancreatic duct join to form the ampulla which is on the medial wall of the descending colon

92
Q

What are normal variants of the kidneys?

A

Pelvic and horseshoe

93
Q

What are normal variants of the ureters

A

Bifid and duplex

94
Q

What shape is the right adrenal

A

Pyramid

95
Q

What shape is the left adrenal?

A

Crescent

96
Q

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

A

Regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure and stress response

97
Q

What is the normal attenuation of the adrenal glands?

A

Less than 10HU

98
Q

What is the exocrine and endocrine function of the pancreas and what is produced?

A

Exocrine function: aids in digestion (amylase & lipase)

Endocrine function: regulates blood sugar (islets of langherhans produce insulin and glucogen)

99
Q

Where does the head of the pancreas lie?

A

Duodenal concavity

100
Q

What is the name of the process of the head of the pancreas that projects posteromedially?

A

Uncinate process

101
Q

Which vascular structures does the body of the pancreas lie between?

A

SMA and coeliac trunk

102
Q

Where does the tail of the pancreas project?

A

Hilum of the spleen

103
Q

Where does the accessory pancreatic duct drain?

A

Proximal to the main pancreatic duct

104
Q

Where does the pancreas receive its blood supply?

A

Gastroduodenal, splenic and SMA

105
Q

What is the vertebral level of superior/1st part of the duodenum?

A

L1

106
Q

What is the vertebral level of the descending/2nd part of the duodenum?

A

L1-L3

107
Q

What is the vertebral level of the horizontal/3rd part of the duodenum?

A

L3

108
Q

What is the vertebral level of the ascending/4th part of the duodenum?

A

L2

109
Q

What is the difference between the jejunum and ileum?

A

The jejunum is thicker walled and more vascular than the ileum

110
Q

What rib levels does the spleen cover?

A

Ribs 9-11

111
Q

What is the name given to sacculations between semilunar folds in the large bowel?

A

Haustra

112
Q

Describe the caecum

A

Blind ended sac 6cm in length, 7.5cm diameter, contains an ileocaecal valve with two valves on either side of the ileocaecal opening

113
Q

What two possible positions of the appendix and which is most common

A

Retrocaecal (most common), pelvic

114
Q

What is contained in the mesentery?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, fat

115
Q

Describe the sigmoid colon and its position

A

S shaped within the pelvic cavity approximately 40cm in length located adjacent to S3 and has its own mesocolon

116
Q

What is the peritoneum and the two layers?

A

A thin transparent and semi-permeable serous membrane lining the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Visceral peritoneum lines the organs and has no nerve supply.
Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall, inferior surface of the diaphragm and pelvic cavity and is supplied by spinal nerves

117
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

Secretes prostatic fluid which is a component of semen

118
Q

What are the different lobes of the prostate gland and what are they named in relation to?

A

Anterior, median, lateral, posterior. In relation to the urethra

119
Q

What are the seminal vesicles and where are they located?

A

A pair of tubular glands posteroinferior to the urinary bladder

120
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

A wide fold of peritoneum that connects the uterus to the wall and floor of the pelvis

121
Q

What does the ovarian ligament attach?

A

The ovary to the lateral wall of the uterus

122
Q

Describe and name the innermost muscular layer of the anterior abdominal wall

A

Transversus abdominus. Vertical muscle extending from ribs 5-7 and xiphisternum to pubic crest, contains tendinour intersections, surrounded by rectus sheath

123
Q

What is the outermost muscular layer of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

External obliquus abdominis

124
Q

Describe the features of the aponeurosis of external obliquus abdominis

A

Fascial sheath that contributes to anterior layer of rectus sheath and inferior edge forming the inguinal ligament

125
Q

How does the round ligament exit the pelvis?

A

Through the deep inguinal ring

126
Q

What does the round ligament attach?

A

The uterus to mix with fibres of the mons pubis

127
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if not implanted

A

Degrades via luteolysis

128
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

A scar on the ovary that persists for a few months after a corpus luteum is not implanted and is degraded

129
Q

What is the inguinal ligament?

A

Inferior portion of the aponeurosis of external obliquus abdominis that extends from the ASIS to pubic tubercle

130
Q

What structures does the male inguinal canal contain?

A

Spermatic cord containing ductus deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus of testicular veins and nerves

131
Q

What structures does the female inguinal canal contain?

A

Fatpad, round ligament, blood vessels and nerves

132
Q

What muscular layer is the deep inguinal ring an opening in?

A

Transversalis fascia

133
Q

What muscular layer is the superficial inguinal ring an opening in?

A

Aponeurosis of external obliquus abdominis

134
Q

What are muscular structures in between the external obliquus abdominis and transversus abdominis?

A

Internal oblique and rectus abdominis

135
Q

What is unique about the rectus femoris?

A

It is the only muscle in the quadriceps group that crosses the hip

136
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rectus femoris?

A

ASIS and patella tendon

137
Q

What two muscles join to form the iliopsoas and where is the insertion?

A

Iliacus and psoas major. Insertion is lesser trochanter

138
Q

Where does the iliacus muscle lie?

A

In the iliac fossa

139
Q

What area does the quadratus lumborum muscle cover?

A

12th rib to iliac crest

140
Q

Where does the psoas major muscle attach and what muscle does it form?

A

Lesser trochanter and iliopsoas

141
Q

What is contained within the vertebral canal?

A

Spinal ord and roots of inferior spinal nerves

142
Q

What is contained within the intervertebral foramen?

A

Dorsal root ganglion, dorsal and ventral nerve root, anterior and posterior ramus of spinal nerve

143
Q

What are the posterior intervertebral (zygoapophyseal) joints formed by?

A

Superior and inferiot articular facets

144
Q

What do the cervical transverse foramen contain (C1-C6)?

A

Vertebral arteries

145
Q

Does C1 have a spinous process?

A

No

146
Q

Does C2 have a spinous process?

A

Yes

147
Q

What shape are cervical (C1-C6) spinous processes?

A

Bifid

148
Q

What is the joint between the thoracic vertebra and rib called?

A

Costovertebral joint

149
Q

How many sacral vertebra are there?

A

5

150
Q

What runs through sacral foramina?

A

Sacral nerves

151
Q

What is the sacral canal?

A

Part of the vertebral canal - superior opening of the sacrum

152
Q

What is the sacral hiatus?

A

Inferior opening of the sacral canal

153
Q

How many segments does the coccyx have?

A

4

154
Q

Describe the anterior longitudinal ligament and where it attaches to

A

Single broad, flat ligament attaching to the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

155
Q

Describe the posterior longitudinal ligament and where it attaches to

A

single narrow band like ligament attaching to the anterior wall of the vertebral canal

156
Q

Describe ligamentum flavum and where is attaches

A

multiple elastic ligaments that attach to lamina of opposing vertebra

157
Q

Describe the ligamentum nuchae and where it attaches

A

Elastic ligament that attaches to spinous processes of cervical vertebra and external occipital protuberance

158
Q

Where do the nerve fibres decussate?

A

Medulla oblongata

159
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

Caudal end of the spinal cord

160
Q

At what vertebral level is the conus medullaris?

A

L1/2

161
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Collection of nerve rootlets in the vertebral canal extending from the conus medullaris (L1/2) to S2

162
Q

Where does pia mater attach in the vertebral canal?

A

Spinal cord and spinal nerve roots

163
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A thin central fibrous strand of pia mater that extends into the conus medullaris of the spinal cord to the coccyx

164
Q

At what vertebral level is the caudal sac?

A

S2

165
Q

What nerves form the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

166
Q

What nerves form the lumbar plexus?

A

T12-L5

167
Q

What nerves form the sacral plexus?

A

L4-S4

168
Q

What is the thoracic duct and what does it drain into?

A

Largest lymphatic vessel in the body draining the left side of the body into the left subclavian vein

169
Q

Where are the major collections of lymph nodes?

A

Cervical, axillary, mammary plexus, intestines, inguinal

170
Q

What is the right lymphatic duct and what does it drain into?

A

Lymphatic vessel in draining the right side of the thorax and upper limb into the right subclavian vein

ASMIRT CT Exam (5 decks)

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