Anatomy Flashcards
Which is the largest terminal branch of the internal carotid artery?
Middle cerebral artery
Which cerebral artery supplies the anterior and superior portions of the cerebrum?
Anterior cerebral artery
Where is the cavernous sinus located?
Either side of the sella turcica
Which venous structures form the straight sinus?
Internal/great cerebral vein and inferior sagittal sinus
Which sinuses join to form the confluence of venous sinuses?
Superior sagittal, straight and occipital
Where is the third ventricle located?
Between left and right diencephalic structures, inferior to the body of the lateral ventricles
What structures surround the fourth ventricle?
Brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons), cerebellum
What is the function of the choroid plexus?
To produce CSF
Where is the choroid plexus located?
Roof of third and fourth ventricles, floor of body and inferior horn of lateral ventricles
Where is the basal (interpeduncular) cistern located?
Between temporal lobes anteriorly , encloses cerebral peduncles, courses anteriorly, superior to cerebellum
What structures surround the quadrigeminal (ambient) cistern?
Between colliculi (midbrain), splenium of corpus callosum and superior surface of the cerebellum
What structures does the foramen on monro (interventricular foranen) connect?
Lateral and third ventricles
What structure does the cerebral aqueduct connect?
Third and fourth ventricles
Where is the pituitary gland located in relation to the ventricular system?
Anterior to the interpeduncular cistern
Where is the pineal gland located in relation to the ventricular system?
Posterior to the third ventricle
Name the two layers of dura mater
Inner (meningeal) and outer (endosteal)
What is the falx cerebri?
Projection of dura mater that extends into the longitudinal fissure
What structures does the tentorium cerebelli separate?
Occipital lobe and cerebellum
What structure separates the cerebellar lobes?
Falx cerebelli
What does pia mater attach to in the brain?
Cerebrum
What structures are present in arachnoid mater?
Vessels and arachnoid granulations
What and where is the Sylvian fissure?
Deep recess that separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes, contains the insula lobe
What structures does the central sulcus separate?
Frontal and parietal lobes
Name the four parts of the corpus callosum
Rostrum, genu, body, splenium
What is the function of each part of the corpus callosum?
Rostrum & genu: Connects frontal lobes
Body: Connects parietal lobes
Splenium: Connects occipital lobes
What hormones does each lobe of the pituitary gland produce (or in relation to)?
Posterior lobe: Adenocorticotrophic (growth hormone) Thyroid stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating, luteinising, prolactin (reproductive) Endorphins (mood)
Anterior lobe:
Vasopressin (antidiuretic)
Oxytocin
What does the pineal gland produce?
Melatonin
Where is the thalamus located and what is its function?
Located medial to the basal nuclei and lateral to the third ventricle. Its function is to control consciousness and alertness
Where is the head of the caudate nucleus located and what is its function?
Head of the caudate nucleus bulges into the anterior horn and body of the lateral ventricles. Its function is to control learning and memories
What is the internal capsule?
An area of white matter that allows access to and from cerebral cortex via the corona radiata, consists of anterior limb, posterior limb and genu
What two structures creates the lentiform nucleus and what is its function?
Globus pallidus (medially), putamen (laterally). Its function is to control movement
What is white matter made up of?
A few cell bodies and long myelinated axon tracts
What is grey matter made up of?
Numerous cell bodies and few myelinated axon tracts
Where do nerve fibres decussate (cross over)?
Medulla oblongata
What are the 3 origins of the aortic arch?
Right brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian
At which level is the bifurcation of the common carotid?
C3/4
What does the internal and external carotid arteries supply?
Internal: brain
External: extracranial structures
What is contained within the carotid sheath?
Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
What are the tributaries of the brachiocephalic vein?
Left internal jugular and left subclavian
Where is the cricoid cartilage located?
Posteriorly to the airways at the level of C6
Where is the thyroid cartilage located?
Anteriorly to the airways and superior to the thyroid at the level of C5
At which vertebral level if the epiglottis located?
C5
What is the piriform fossa and at which vertebral level is it located?
Pear shaped subsite of the hypopharynx located at C5
What is the function of the thyroid?
Take iodine from food to create thyroid hormones e.g. thyroxine which regulate metabolic processes
Name the locations of salivary glands
Submandibular, parotid, accessory parotid, sublingual
What is the origin and insertion of the platysma?
Origin: deltiod
Insertion: mandible
What is the origin and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?
Origin: manubrium
Insertion: mastoid process
How many true ribs does the thorax have?
7
How many false ribs does the thorax have?
5
At which vertebral level does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate?
T5
Where does the aygos vein receive blood from?
Right posterior intercostal veins
Where does the hemi azygos vein receive blood from?
Left posterior intercostal veins
At what level do the hemiazygos vein and azygos vein join and of which vein are they a tributary?
T9 and IVC
What are the names of the valves of the right side of the heart?
Tricuspid valve (right atrium to ventricle) Pulmonary valve (ventricle to pulmonary arteries)
What are the names of the valves of the left side of the heart?
Mitral valve (left atrium to ventricle) Aortic valve (ventricle to aorta)
Name the four pulmonary veins
Left superior, left inferior, right superior, right inferior
What is the left atrial appendage and where is it located?
Small sac like appendage is joined to and sits superiorly to the right atrium
At what vertebral level is the bifurcation of the trachea
T4/5
Name the lobar bronchus
Superior, middle and inferior
What fissures are present in the left and right lungs and which lobes do they separate?
Left: oblique fissure separating superior and inferior lobes
Right: Oblique fissure separating middle and inferior lobes
Horizontal fissure separating middle and superior lobes
Describe pleura and its layers
Pleura is a serious membrane enveloping the lung with the exception of the hilum. Parietal pleura attaches to the wall of the thorax and visceral pleura attaches to the outside lung parenchyma
At which vertebral level is the caval foramen and carries which nerve through it?
T8 & phrenic nerve
At which vertebral level is the oesophageal hiatus and carries which nerve through it?
T10 & vagus nerve
At which vertebral level is the aortic hiatus?
T12
Which pelvic landmarks make up the pelvic brim?
Sacral promontory, acruate line and pubic crest
At which vertebral level is the coelic trunk and what are its branches?
T12 & left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery
At which vertebral level is the superior mesenteric artery and which organs does it supply?
L1 & Jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon, caecum
At which vertebral level are the renal vessels and which vessel is more anterior?
L1 & vein is more anterior
At which vertebral level is the gonadal arteries?
L2
At which vertebral level is the inferior mesenteric arteries and which organs does it supply?
L3 & distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid
At which level does the aorta bifurcate and what are its branches?
L4/5 & left and right common iliac arteries
What are the branches of the common hepatic artery?
Right gastric and gastroduodenal artery
At which vertebral level is the suprarenals and name the branches
L1 & superior, middle and inferior
Which vessels supply the greater curvature of the stomach?
Left and right gastroepiploic
After branching the right gastric artery what does the common hepatic artery do?
Continues to become the hepatic artery proper and then branches to become the left and right hepatic arteries
In the female which major artery branches the uterine and vaginal artery?
Internal iliac
In the male where does the gonadal artery leave the pelvis?
Deep inguinal ring
What does the external iliac artery continue on to become?
Femoral artery
Which organs does the inferior mesenteric vein receive blood from?
Distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid
Which organs does the superior mesenteric vein receive blood from?
Ascending colon, proximal 1/3 transverse colon, jejunum, ileum, caecum
Which veins are tributaries of the portal vein?
IMV, SMV, splenic vein
Which arteries join before forming the portal vein?
IMV and splenic vein
At which vertebral level does the common iliac veins join to for the IVC?
L5
Where is the caudate lobe located?
Medial to the IVC
What is contained in the hepatic pedicle?
Portal vein, common hepatic duct, hepatic artery proper, supraduodenal part of common bile duct, portion of cystic artery and duct
What is the purpose of the falciform ligament?
Separate left and right lobes of the liver as well as attaching the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
What area of the liver is void of peritoneum?
Superior and posterior
Where is the gall bladder located?
Between the quadrate and right lobes
What is a distinct structural feature of the cystic duct?
It contains mucosal folds called the spiral valve which keeps the duct constantly open
The common bile duct is formed by the union of which two structures?
Cystic duct and common hepatic duct
What structures join to form the Ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla) and where is it located?
Common bile duct and main pancreatic duct join to form the ampulla which is on the medial wall of the descending colon
What are normal variants of the kidneys?
Pelvic and horseshoe
What are normal variants of the ureters
Bifid and duplex
What shape is the right adrenal
Pyramid
What shape is the left adrenal?
Crescent
What is the function of the adrenal glands?
Regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure and stress response
What is the normal attenuation of the adrenal glands?
Less than 10HU
What is the exocrine and endocrine function of the pancreas and what is produced?
Exocrine function: aids in digestion (amylase & lipase)
Endocrine function: regulates blood sugar (islets of langherhans produce insulin and glucogen)
Where does the head of the pancreas lie?
Duodenal concavity
What is the name of the process of the head of the pancreas that projects posteromedially?
Uncinate process
Which vascular structures does the body of the pancreas lie between?
SMA and coeliac trunk
Where does the tail of the pancreas project?
Hilum of the spleen
Where does the accessory pancreatic duct drain?
Proximal to the main pancreatic duct
Where does the pancreas receive its blood supply?
Gastroduodenal, splenic and SMA
What is the vertebral level of superior/1st part of the duodenum?
L1
What is the vertebral level of the descending/2nd part of the duodenum?
L1-L3
What is the vertebral level of the horizontal/3rd part of the duodenum?
L3
What is the vertebral level of the ascending/4th part of the duodenum?
L2
What is the difference between the jejunum and ileum?
The jejunum is thicker walled and more vascular than the ileum
What rib levels does the spleen cover?
Ribs 9-11
What is the name given to sacculations between semilunar folds in the large bowel?
Haustra
Describe the caecum
Blind ended sac 6cm in length, 7.5cm diameter, contains an ileocaecal valve with two valves on either side of the ileocaecal opening
What two possible positions of the appendix and which is most common
Retrocaecal (most common), pelvic
What is contained in the mesentery?
Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, fat
Describe the sigmoid colon and its position
S shaped within the pelvic cavity approximately 40cm in length located adjacent to S3 and has its own mesocolon
What is the peritoneum and the two layers?
A thin transparent and semi-permeable serous membrane lining the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Visceral peritoneum lines the organs and has no nerve supply.
Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall, inferior surface of the diaphragm and pelvic cavity and is supplied by spinal nerves
What is the function of the prostate?
Secretes prostatic fluid which is a component of semen
What are the different lobes of the prostate gland and what are they named in relation to?
Anterior, median, lateral, posterior. In relation to the urethra
What are the seminal vesicles and where are they located?
A pair of tubular glands posteroinferior to the urinary bladder
What is the broad ligament?
A wide fold of peritoneum that connects the uterus to the wall and floor of the pelvis
What does the ovarian ligament attach?
The ovary to the lateral wall of the uterus
Describe and name the innermost muscular layer of the anterior abdominal wall
Transversus abdominus. Vertical muscle extending from ribs 5-7 and xiphisternum to pubic crest, contains tendinour intersections, surrounded by rectus sheath
What is the outermost muscular layer of the anterior abdominal wall?
External obliquus abdominis
Describe the features of the aponeurosis of external obliquus abdominis
Fascial sheath that contributes to anterior layer of rectus sheath and inferior edge forming the inguinal ligament
How does the round ligament exit the pelvis?
Through the deep inguinal ring
What does the round ligament attach?
The uterus to mix with fibres of the mons pubis
What happens to the corpus luteum if not implanted
Degrades via luteolysis
What is the corpus albicans?
A scar on the ovary that persists for a few months after a corpus luteum is not implanted and is degraded
What is the inguinal ligament?
Inferior portion of the aponeurosis of external obliquus abdominis that extends from the ASIS to pubic tubercle
What structures does the male inguinal canal contain?
Spermatic cord containing ductus deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus of testicular veins and nerves
What structures does the female inguinal canal contain?
Fatpad, round ligament, blood vessels and nerves
What muscular layer is the deep inguinal ring an opening in?
Transversalis fascia
What muscular layer is the superficial inguinal ring an opening in?
Aponeurosis of external obliquus abdominis
What are muscular structures in between the external obliquus abdominis and transversus abdominis?
Internal oblique and rectus abdominis
What is unique about the rectus femoris?
It is the only muscle in the quadriceps group that crosses the hip
What is the origin and insertion of the rectus femoris?
ASIS and patella tendon
What two muscles join to form the iliopsoas and where is the insertion?
Iliacus and psoas major. Insertion is lesser trochanter
Where does the iliacus muscle lie?
In the iliac fossa
What area does the quadratus lumborum muscle cover?
12th rib to iliac crest
Where does the psoas major muscle attach and what muscle does it form?
Lesser trochanter and iliopsoas
What is contained within the vertebral canal?
Spinal ord and roots of inferior spinal nerves
What is contained within the intervertebral foramen?
Dorsal root ganglion, dorsal and ventral nerve root, anterior and posterior ramus of spinal nerve
What are the posterior intervertebral (zygoapophyseal) joints formed by?
Superior and inferiot articular facets
What do the cervical transverse foramen contain (C1-C6)?
Vertebral arteries
Does C1 have a spinous process?
No
Does C2 have a spinous process?
Yes
What shape are cervical (C1-C6) spinous processes?
Bifid
What is the joint between the thoracic vertebra and rib called?
Costovertebral joint
How many sacral vertebra are there?
5
What runs through sacral foramina?
Sacral nerves
What is the sacral canal?
Part of the vertebral canal - superior opening of the sacrum
What is the sacral hiatus?
Inferior opening of the sacral canal
How many segments does the coccyx have?
4
Describe the anterior longitudinal ligament and where it attaches to
Single broad, flat ligament attaching to the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
Describe the posterior longitudinal ligament and where it attaches to
single narrow band like ligament attaching to the anterior wall of the vertebral canal
Describe ligamentum flavum and where is attaches
multiple elastic ligaments that attach to lamina of opposing vertebra
Describe the ligamentum nuchae and where it attaches
Elastic ligament that attaches to spinous processes of cervical vertebra and external occipital protuberance
Where do the nerve fibres decussate?
Medulla oblongata
What is the conus medullaris?
Caudal end of the spinal cord
At what vertebral level is the conus medullaris?
L1/2
What is the cauda equina?
Collection of nerve rootlets in the vertebral canal extending from the conus medullaris (L1/2) to S2
Where does pia mater attach in the vertebral canal?
Spinal cord and spinal nerve roots
What is the filum terminale?
A thin central fibrous strand of pia mater that extends into the conus medullaris of the spinal cord to the coccyx
At what vertebral level is the caudal sac?
S2
What nerves form the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
What nerves form the lumbar plexus?
T12-L5
What nerves form the sacral plexus?
L4-S4
What is the thoracic duct and what does it drain into?
Largest lymphatic vessel in the body draining the left side of the body into the left subclavian vein
Where are the major collections of lymph nodes?
Cervical, axillary, mammary plexus, intestines, inguinal
What is the right lymphatic duct and what does it drain into?
Lymphatic vessel in draining the right side of the thorax and upper limb into the right subclavian vein
