Anatomy

Question 1

What is the external structure of the heart?

Answer 1

Endocardium → Myocardium → Pericardium (Visceral→parietal→fibrous)

Question 2

What is the endocardium and where is it found?

Answer 2

One cell thick layer of tissue
Attached to the basement membrane of myocardium
INSIDE the heart
Acts as an interface between the blood and the myocardium

Question 3

What is the myocardium?

Answer 3

Thick layer of cardiac muscle cells

Question 4

What is the pericardium?

Answer 4

Fibrous sac formed from layers of fibrous tissue that hold the heart in place
Keeps heart within thoracic cavity by sternopericardial and pericardiophrenic ligaments
Protects it from damage and infection

Question 5

What are the two types of pericardial tissue that are found in the pericardium?

Answer 5

Serous - secretes serous fluid

Fibrous - dense connective tissue

Question 6

What are the 4 layers of the pericardium and their purposes?

Answer 6

Epicardium/Visceral pericardium
- separates muscle from pericardial fluid
Pericardial cavity filled with pericardial fluid
-protects heart from external forces and shock
-allows visceral and parietal layers to move without friction
Parietal pericardium
-layer of serous tissue lining fibrous pericardium and facing pericardial space
Fibrous pericardium
-connective layered tissue
-protect heart and anchor it to the mediastinum
-prevent overfilling

Question 7

How are the pericardial cavity and sinuses formed?

Answer 7

Visceral and parietal serous pericardium layers are continuous
Oblique sinus
-Reflection of the serous pericardium onto pulmonary veins
Transverse sinus
-Reflection of the serous pericardium that separates arteries and veins
-Superior to the left atrium

Question 8

What is pericarditis?

Answer 8

Inflammation of the pericardium

Question 9

What is pericarditis?

Answer 9

Inflammation of the pericardium

Question 10

How would you normally distinguish between the left and right ventricle?

Answer 10

Left ventricular wall thicker than right

Left has to pump blood to the entire body - far distance compared to the right ventricle

Question 11

How does blood travel through the right atrium?

Answer 11

Receives blood from IVC and SVC
Delivers blood to right ventricle
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

Question 12

How does blood travel through the right ventricle?

Answer 12

Receives blood from the right atrium
Delivers blood to the pulmonary arteries via the pulmonary trunk which bifurcates into the left and right pulmonary arteries
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

Question 13

How does blood travel through the left atrium?

Answer 13

Receives blood from the pulmonary veins
Delivers blood to the left ventricle
OXYGENATED BLOOD

Question 14

How does blood travel through the left ventricle?

Answer 14

Receives blood from the left atrium
Delivers blood to the aorta
OXYGENATED BLOOD

Question 15

Why are valves necessary in the heart?

Answer 15

Ensures unidirectional flow down a pressure gradient

Question 16

What are the 4 heart valves and where are they found?

Answer 16

Mitral valve 
-left atrioventricular
-2 cusps anterior and posterior
Tricuspid valve
-Right atrioventricular 
-3 cusps anterior posterior septal
Pulmonary valve
-right semilunar 
-3 semilunar cusps left right anterior
Aortic valve
-left semilunar
-3 semilunar cusps left right posterior

Question 17

Where do coronary arteries arise from?

Answer 17

Left and right sinuses of the aortic valve
Left → left circumflex and left anterior descending
Right → right coronary artery (and right conus artery)

Question 18

What is the purpose of the chordae tendinae?

Answer 18

Attach to papillary muscles and the atrioventricular valves to stop the valves everting

Question 19

How are valves forced closed?

Answer 19

After contraction the sinuses of the cusps fill with blood and force the valves closed to stop the blood flowing backwards

Question 20

What are the coronary arteries?

Answer 20

Vessels that supply the myocardium

Question 21

What are the coronary sulci?

Answer 21

Produced from the internal partitions that create the chambers
Coronary sulcus circles the heart to separate the atrium and ventricles
Anterior interventricular sulcus separates ventricles anteriorly
Posterior interventricular sulcus separates ventricles posteriorly

Question 22

What are the branches of the coronary arteries?

Answer 22

RCA→atrial branch (sinoatrial node branch), marginal branch, posterior interventricular branch (Posterior descending artery)
LCA→anterior interventricular branch (left anterior descending(2 diagonal branches)), cirucmflex (left marginal)

Question 23

Where do coronary veins drain to?

Answer 23

Collect blood and feed to the coronary sinus at the back of the heart which drains into the right atrium

Question 24

What are the principle arterial vessels?

Answer 24

Pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to lungs
ascending aorta→aortic arch→right brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and subclavian, thoracic aorta
right brachiocephalic bifurcates into a common carotid and subclavian

Question 25

At what level does the aortic arch start and end?

Answer 25

Level of the sternal angle

Question 26

At which level do the common carotid arteries divide and what do they become?

Answer 26

C4
Internal - brain
External - face

Question 27

How do venous vessels join to form the superior vena cava?

Answer 27

Left subclavian + left internal jugular = left brachiocephalic
right subclavian + right internal jugular = right brachiocephalic
left + right brachiocephalic + azygos vein = SVC

Question 28

How many pulmonary arteries are there?

Answer 28

4, 2 on each side

Question 29

List the principle arterial vessels in a logical order

Answer 29

Aortic arch
-brachiocephalic trunk
*right common carotid
*right subclavian (branches same as left subclavian)
-left common carotid artery
-left subclavian
*axillary
*brachial
*radial
*ulnar
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
-coeliac trunk 
-splenic artery
-hepatic artery
-superior mesenteric artery
-renal artery
-inferior mesenteric artery
Common iliac artery
Internal and external iliac arteries
femoral artery
popliteal artery
posterior and anterior tibial arteries

Question 30

List the principle venous vessels in a logical order

Answer 30

anterior tibial → femoral
+great saphenous = iliac vein
2 iliac veins = IVC - branches for renal and hepatic veins, superior and inferior mesenteric
ulnar + radial→medial antecubital fossa→basilic vein +cephalic vein→subclavian veins
Subclavian + internal + external jugular veins= SVC