Anatomy

Question 1

what type of cell would be increased in a differential count if the patient was suffering from a parasitic infection?

Answer 1

eosinophils

Question 2

which cell type is least numerous on a normal differential count?

Answer 2

basophil

Question 3

which cell type accounts for 60-70% of leucocytes on a normal differential count?

Answer 3

neutrophil

Question 4

which cell type is first to arrive at the site of a bacterial infection?

Answer 4

neutrophil

Question 5

what are the characteristics of eosinophils?

Answer 5

Bi-lobed (sunglasses appearance), abundance of large red cytoplasmic granules

Question 6

describe the appearance of basophils and their role in immune response

Answer 6

two nuclear segments, cytoplasmic granules containing heparin and histamine, sit in from of the nucleus, play a role in hypersensitivity -release inflammatory molecules

Question 7

which cells have a kidney shaped nucleus?

Answer 7

monocytes

Question 8

where is erythropoietin released from? and what stimulates its release?

Answer 8

the kidneys, stimulated by hypoxia

Question 9

describe the stages of erythropoiesis

Answer 9

proerythroblasts –> erythroblasts –> normoblasts –> reticulocytes –> mature erythrocyte

Question 10

how long does the process of erythropoiesis take?

Answer 10

7 days

Question 11

By which stage of erythropoiesis has most of the haemoglobin been produced?

Answer 11

reticulocytes

Question 12

what is the average lifespan of a erythrocyte?

Answer 12

120 days

Question 13

Name and describe the process of platelet formation

Answer 13

thrombopoiesis.
1. endomitotic replication of megakaryblasts causes cells to become polyploidy and enlarged producing megakaryocytes.
once fully mature,
2. endomitosis ceases resulting in granulated cytoplasm
3. Megakaryocytes fragment producing `4000 platelets

Question 14

name and describe the stages of monopoiesis

Answer 14

precursor is the CFU-GEMM cell
monoblast is the first committed cell this converts to a promonocyte found within the nucleus
this converts into a monocyte which has a kidney shaped nucleus
if a monocyte migrates into tissues they mature into macrophages

Question 15

what constituent of haemoglobin is bound to transferrin and transferred in blood to the bone marrow for new Hb synthesis with excess being stored as ferritin or haemosiderin in the liver and spleen?

Answer 15

Iron

Question 16

describe the fate of heme after the breakdown of haemoglobin

Answer 16

converted to biliverdin and then into bilirubin, transported to the liver to be excreted as bile

Question 17

describe the fate of globin after the breakdown of haemoglobin

Answer 17

broken into amino acids for use by other cells