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Tissue Level Of Organization > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

A substance produced by the cells of a specific tissue and can contain protein fibers, salt, water and dissolved macromolecules
Located outside of cells

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Covers the body’s outer surface and lines it’s internal cavities
  • organs are lined on the outside and inside by epithelial tissue
  • the majority of glands are derived from epithelial tissue
  • epithelial tissues posses little to no Extracellular matrix.
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3
Q

Connective tissue

A

Binds and support the body’s organs

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4
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Enable movement

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5
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Enables communication among the body’s organs

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6
Q

Characteristic of epithilial tissue

A 
Cellularity
Polarity
Attachment
Avascularity
Innervation
Regeneration
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7
Q

Cellularity

A

Composed entirely of cells with little Extracellular matrix

Cells are bound together by several types of intercellular junctions

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8
Q

Polarity

A

Epithelial cells have an apical(top or exposed) surface and a basal surface where they attach to underlying cells

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9
Q

Attachment

A

Basal surface is attached to a thin basement membrane, which is an acellular structure produced by both epithelial and underlying connective tissue cells

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10
Q

Avascularity

A

All epithelial tissue lack blood vessels, the cell receive their nutrients by diffusion from underlying tissue

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11
Q

Innervation

A

Epithilia are richly innervated to detect changes in environment at a body organ region

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12
Q

Regeneration

A

Because apical surface is constantly exposed to the environment, epithelial cells are frequently damaged or die, they are replaced as quickly as they are lost.

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13
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Physical protection
Selective permeability
Secretions
Sensations

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14
Q

Physical protection

A

From dehydration and abrasion; and physical, chemical, and biological agents.

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15
Q

Selective permeability

A

Regulates the passage of certain molecules in or out of a certain region of the body.

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16
Q

Secretions

A

Some epithelial cells called exocrine cells produce secretions such as sweat or oil.

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17
Q

Sensation

A

Posses nerve endings that can detect light, taste, sound, smell, and hearing.

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18
Q

Basement membrane

A
  • A specialized structure of epithelium
  • found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue
  • provides physical support and anchoring of epithelial tissue
  • acts as a barrier to regulate passage of large molecules between epithelium and underlying connective tissue.
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19
Q

Epithelial cell layers

A
  • simple epithelium
  • stratified epithelium
  • pseudo stratified epithelium
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20
Q

Simple epithelium

A

A single layer of cells with all cells having an apical surface and attached to the basement membrane.

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21
Q

Stratified epithelium

A
  • Two or more layers of cells

- not all cells have an apical surface nor do all cells attach to the basement membrane.

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22
Q

Pseudostartified epithelium

A

-single layer but not all cells reach the apical surface and their nuclei give the appearance of multilayered, stratified epithelium.. But they are not

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23
Q

Epithelial cell shapes

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
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24
Q

Squamous

A

Flattened and similar to the shape of a fried egg.

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25
Q

Cuboidal

A

About the same size on all sides, the nucleus is usually centrally located.

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26
Q

Columnar

A

Taller than they are wide and nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell.

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27
Q

Simple squamous epithelium structure

A

Single later of flat cells

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28
Q

Simple squamous epithelium function

A

Rapid diffusion and some secretion in serous membranes

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29
Q

Simple squamous epithelium location

A
  • lining of alveoli of lungs
  • lining of blood vessels-called “endothelium”-only component of walls of capillaries
  • lining of heart-called “endocardium”
  • serous membranes of body cavities
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30
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium structure

A

Single layer of cube shaped cells

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31
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

A

Absorption and secretion

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32
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

A

Thyroid gland follicles, kidney tubules, ducts and secretory regions of most glands

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33
Q

Simple columnar epithelium structure

A

Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide, oval shaped nucleus near base of cell, apical regions have microvilli, may contain goblet cells that secrete mucin

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34
Q

Simple columnar epithelium function

A

Absorption and secretion, secretion of mucin

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35
Q

Simple columnar epithelium location

A

Lining of most digestive tract

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36
Q

Simple columnar ciliated epithelium structure

A

Same as non-ciliated columnar epithelium except that cells have cilia on their apical surface

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37
Q

Simple columnar ciliated epithelium function

A

Secretion of mucin, movement of mucus along apical surface by action of cilia, movement of oocyte through urine tube

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38
Q

Simple columnar ciliated epithelium location

A

Larger bronchioles of respiratory tract, lining of uterine tube

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39
Q

Structure of Stratified squamous epithelium-nonkeratinized

A

-multiple layers of cells, named for appearance of apical cells that are squamous

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40
Q

Function of stratified squamous epithelium-nonkeratinized

A

Protection against abrasion

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41
Q

Location of stratified squamous epithelium-nonkeratinized

A

Lining of oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anus

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42
Q

Structure of stratified squamous epithelium-keratinized

A

Multiple layers of cells
More superficial cells are dead
Lack nuclei
Filled with protein keratin

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43
Q

Function of stratified squamous epithelium-keratinized

A

Protection against abrasion

44
Q

Location of stratified squamous epithelium-keratinized

A

Epidermis of skin

45
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium description

A

Two or three layers of box-shaped cells

46
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium functions

A

Protection and secretion

47
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium location

A

Sweat glands

48
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium description

A

Two or three layers of tall, elongated cells

49
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium functions

A

Protection and secretion

50
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium locations

A

Salivary glands,some regions of male urethra

51
Q

Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium structure

A

Single layer of columnar epithelial cells of different heights, all connect to basement membrane but not all reach apical surface, this And layered appearance if nuclei suggest multiple layers of cells.
Ciliated with globlet

52
Q

Pseudostartified columnar epithelium function

A

Protection, secrete mucin, movement of mucus

53
Q

Pseudostartified columnar epithelium location

A

Lines most of respiratory tract

54
Q

Transitional epithelium structure

A

Multiple layers of cells of varying shapes

Cells are cuboidal when the organ is relaxed but squamous when the organ is stretched

55
Q

Transitional epithelium functions

A

Allow dissension of organs that fill with urine

56
Q

Transitional epithelium locations

A

Ureters, urinary bladder, and part of male urethra

57
Q

Connective tissue

A

Most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and structurally varied of all four tissue types
Functions is to connect one structure to another structure
Is the glue and filler of the body
Ex: tendons, ligaments, body fat, bones, and cartilage

58
Q

Structural component of connective tissue

A

-Cells: different cells for different types of ct- bone cells, cartilage cells, fat cells
-Protein fibers: elastic fibers, collagen, reticular fiber
-Ground substance: a mixture of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salts and water.
The protein fibers and ground substance comprise the Extracellular matrix, which is produced by the CT cells

59
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  • physical protection
  • support and structural framework
  • binding structures
  • storage
  • transport
  • immune protection
60
Q

Classification of connective tissue

A

CT proper
Supporting CT
Fluid CT
-blood

61
Q

3 types of protein fibers produced by CT cells and secreted into the Extracellular matrix

A
  • collagen fibers
  • elastic fibers
  • reticular fibre
62
Q

Collagen fibers

A
  • Long, unbranching, strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching.
  • they make up 25% of all protein in the human body, making collagen the most abundant protein.
63
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Thinner than collagen, stretch easily, branch, and rejoin.

These fibers allow structured such as blood vessels to stretch and relax

64
Q

Reticular fibers

A
  • Thinner than collagen fibers, form a meshwork-like configuration
  • they are found in organs with abundant spaces such as liver, lymph nodes, and spleen-act as packing material.
65
Q

Ground substance of connective tissue proper

A
  • A combination of proteins and carbohydrates

- additional content such as water and salts can result in a texture anywhere from semifluid(adipose,fat) to hard (bone)

66
Q

Areolar CT structure

A

Fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers, viscous ground substance

67
Q

Areolar CT function

A

Packing around organs-attaches to adjacent structures

68
Q

Areolar CT location

A

Major component of subcutaneous layer of skin
Surrounds individual nerve and muscle cells
7 forms the outer layer of blood vessels

69
Q

Adipose CT

A

Known as fat

70
Q

Adipose CT structure

A

Composed mainly of adipocyte(fat cells) that are filled with one droplet of lipid

71
Q

Adipose CT functions

A

Cushioning of organs, thermal insulation, energy storage

72
Q

Adipose CT locations

A

Subcutaneous layer of skin, surround kidney

73
Q

Reticular CT structure

A

Contains reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and leukocyte

74
Q

Reticular CT function

A

Part of lymphatic organs

75
Q

Reticular CT location

A

Found in spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow

76
Q

Dense regular CT structure

A

Fibers(mostly collagen) packed tightly together and aligned parallel to applied force

77
Q

Dense regular CT function

A

Provides great strength and flexibility, primarily in a single direction

78
Q

Dense regular CT locations

A

Found in tendons(attach muscle to bone) and ligaments(attach bone to bone)

79
Q

Dense irregular CT structure

A

Bundle of collagen fibers extending in all directions

80
Q

Dense irregular CT function

A

Provide tensile strength in all directions

81
Q

Dense irregular CT locations

A

Found in reticular layer of the dermis, capsule around the organs such as the liver, kidney, and spleen, outer covering of muscle and nerves

82
Q

Elastic CT structure

A

Elastic and collagen fibers are arranged irregularly

83
Q

Elastic CT function.

A

Predominance of elastic fibers provides ability to stretch and recoil

84
Q

Elastic CT location

A

In the vocal cords and middle layer of large and medium sized arteries

85
Q

Cartilage

A

-Cells are called chondrocytes
-Extracellular matrix is a gel like and contain collagen and elastic fibers
-the only avascular connective tissue
-provides support along with flexibility
-chondrocytes occupy small spaces enclosed by their Extracellular matrix and lacunae
Three types: 1.hyaline 2.elastic 3. Fibrocartilage

86
Q

Hyaline cartilage structure

A

Glassy appearing matrix, chondrocytes irregularly scattered throughout

87
Q

Hyaline cartilage function

A

Smooth surface for movement, supports soft tissue

88
Q

Hyaline cartilage location

A

Found in fetal skeleton, and ends of bones that articulate with each other, in trachea, larynx, and nose

89
Q

Elastic cartilage structure

A
  • Abundant elastic fibers form web-like mesh around lacunae.
  • chondrocytes almost indistinguishable from those of hyaline cartilage, closely packed with little Extracellular matrix.
90
Q

Elastic cartilage function

A

Maintains structure and shape while permitting extensive flexibility

91
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

External ear, epiglottis of larynx

92
Q

Fibrocartilage structure

A

Readily visible, parallel bundles of large collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in parallel rows; densely interwoven collagen fibers contribute to the durability

93
Q

Fibrocartilage function

A

Strong support and shock absorption in areas of heavy pressure and compression

94
Q

Fibrocartilage location

A

Intervertebral discs, pubic synthesis and knee joints(menisci)

95
Q

Bone

A
  • Cells are called osteocytes reside in lacunae
  • calcified Extracellular matrix is a unique mixture of collagen and bone salts.
  • this mixture provides extreme strength(from the bone salts)and microflexibility(from the collagen)
  • 2types: compact+spongy bone
96
Q

Compact bone structure

A

Matrix arranged in osteon(concentric lamellae around a central canal); laconae located at boundaries of lamellae, canalaculi connect lacunae with central canal.

97
Q

Compact bone function

A

Supports, protects, levers for muscles, stores calcium

98
Q

Compact bone location

A

Bones of the body

99
Q

Spongy bone structure

A

Same matrix material as compact bone and may have lamellae but lack central canal

100
Q

Spongy bone function

A

Same as compact bone but also is cite of hemopoiesis (formation of blood cells)

101
Q

Spongy bone location

A

Central layer of flat bone, inner surface of some long bones

102
Q

Fluid connective tissue is composed of:

A

Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes,platelets

103
Q

Plasma

A

A watery ground substance containing protein fibers

104
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cell

105
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cells

106
Q

Platelet

A

Fragments of blood cells involved in blood clotting

107
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • Comprised of cells called fibers
  • when stimulated by the nervous system,fibers shorten or contract
  • the result of contraction is movement(movement of bones, blood, food,sperm)
    3types: skeletal,cardiac,smooth

Tissue Level Of Organization (1 decks)

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