Anatomy

Question 1

Name the sections of the sternum

Answer 1

1. Manubrium
2. Body
3. Xiphoid process

Question 2

Which costal cartilages does the Manubrium articulate with?

Answer 2

1st rib and half of 2nd

Question 3

What marks the level of the 2nd rib?

Answer 3

Sternal angle

Question 4

The body of the sternum articulates with the costal cartilages of which ribs?

Answer 4

3-6

Question 5

the Xiphoid process is located at the level of which vertebrae?

Answer 5

T10

Question 6

What are the two general classifications of ribs?

Answer 6

typical and atypical

Question 7

name the atypical ribs

Answer 7

Rib 1, 2, 10, 11 and 12

Question 8

What are the features of typical ribs?

Answer 8

Consist of a head, neck and body

Question 9

Describe the head of a typical rib

Answer 9

wedge shaped, two articular facets. One articulates with the numerically corresponding vertebrae, the other articulates with the vertebrae above

Question 10

What part of a typical rib articulates with the transverse process of corresponding vertebrae?

Answer 10

the tubercle (located where the neck meets the body)

Question 11

How is the body (or shaft) of a typical rib adapted to protect the neuromusclular supply of the thorax?

Answer 11

Contains a groove on the internal surface

Question 12

what is atypical about rib 1?

Answer 12

shorter and wider, has only one facet on its head, the superior surface is marked by two grooves which make way for the subclavian vessels

Question 13

What type of joints are the posterior articulations of the ribs and the vertebrae?

Answer 13

synovial

Question 14

describe the posterior joints does each vertebrae

Answer 14

1. costotransverse joint - articulates between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae
2. costovertebral - between the head of the rib, superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae and the inferior costal surface of the vertebrae above

Question 15

Which ribs attach independently to the sternum?

Answer 15

1-7

Question 16

Which ribs are sometimes referred to as floating ribs and why?

Answer 16

11 and 12. they do not have an anterior attachment and end in the abdominal musculature

Question 17

How many vertebrae make up the thoracic vertebral column?

Answer 17

12

Question 18

What are the distinguishing features of thoracic vertebrae? (4)

Answer 18

1. vertebral body is heart shaped
2. presence of demi-facets on the sides of each vertebral body
3. presence of costal facets on the transverse processes
4. Spinous processes, which are long and slant inferiorly

Question 19

what two joints are present between vertebrae throughout the vertebral column?

Answer 19

1. Cartilaginous joint known as a symphysis between the vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae (joined by an intervertebral disc)
2. a synovial joint between the vertebral arches

Question 20

In what angle to external intercostal muscles travel from the superior rib to inferior rib?

Answer 20

They run inferoanteriorly

Question 21

how many pairs of external intercostal muscles are there?

Answer 21

11

Question 22

what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the intercostal muscles?

Answer 22

Attachments - originates from lower boarder of the superior rib, and inserts ont eh superior boarder of rib below
Actions - elevate the ribs, increase the thoracic volume
Innervation - intercostal nerves T1-T11

Question 23

what angle do internal intercostal muscles run?

Answer 23

inferoposteriorly

Question 24

what separates the internal intercostal muscles from the innermost intercostal muscles?

Answer 24

intercostal neurovascular bundle

Question 25

what are the origins and insertions of the transversus thoracis muscles

Answer 25

origins - posterior surface of the sternum | insertions - internal surfaces of the costal cartilages 2-6

Question 26

where do the intercostal veins on the right side drain?

Answer 26

Azygos system

Question 27

where to the upper posterior intercostal veins on the left side drain?

Answer 27

they join together to formt he left superior intercostal vein and empty into the brachiocephalic vein

Question 28

What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?

Answer 28

peripheral attachments - lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments, costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 (attach directly to ribs 11 an 12) and Xiphoid process of the sternum

Question 29

what is the central attachment of the diaphragm?

Answer 29

central tendon, which ascends to fuse with the inferior surface of the fibrous pericardium

Question 30

At what level does the vena cava pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 30

T8

Question 31

what passes through the diaphragm as level T10

Answer 31

Oesophagus right and left vagus nerves oesophageal branches of left gastric artery/vein

Question 32

Aortic hiatus is at which level and what does it contain?

Answer 32

T12, aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein

Question 33

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 33

phrenic nerve

Question 34

what are the roots of the phrenic nerve?

Answer 34

C3,4,5 (keeps the diaphragm alive)

Question 35

which arteries supply the majority of the diaphragm? and where do they arise?

Answer 35

the phrenic arteries, arise directly form the abdominal aorta

Question 36

what type of cartilage is costal cartilage?

Answer 36

hyaline

Question 37

which vertebral level doe the jugular notch lie?

Answer 37

T2

Question 38

which thoracic vertebra is the sternal angle located?

Answer 38

T4

Question 39

at which vertebral level does the xiphisternum lie?

Answer 39

T10

Question 40

what are the boundries of the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 40

anteriorly - manubrium laterally - first rib and costal cartilage posteriorly - T1

Question 41

name the 4 parts of the parietal pleura

Answer 41

mediastinal diaphragmatic cervical costal

Question 42

What are the names of the areas of the vertebrae which connect?

Answer 42

superior and inferior articular facets