Anatomy Flashcards
Name the sections of the sternum
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
Which costal cartilages does the Manubrium articulate with?
1st rib and half of 2nd
What marks the level of the 2nd rib?
Sternal angle
The body of the sternum articulates with the costal cartilages of which ribs?
3-6
the Xiphoid process is located at the level of which vertebrae?
T10
What are the two general classifications of ribs?
typical and atypical
name the atypical ribs
Rib 1, 2, 10, 11 and 12
What are the features of typical ribs?
Consist of a head, neck and body
Describe the head of a typical rib
wedge shaped, two articular facets. One articulates with the numerically corresponding vertebrae, the other articulates with the vertebrae above
What part of a typical rib articulates with the transverse process of corresponding vertebrae?
the tubercle (located where the neck meets the body)
How is the body (or shaft) of a typical rib adapted to protect the neuromusclular supply of the thorax?
Contains a groove on the internal surface
what is atypical about rib 1?
shorter and wider, has only one facet on its head, the superior surface is marked by two grooves which make way for the subclavian vessels
What type of joints are the posterior articulations of the ribs and the vertebrae?
synovial
describe the posterior joints does each vertebrae
- costotransverse joint - articulates between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae
- costovertebral - between the head of the rib, superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae and the inferior costal surface of the vertebrae above
Which ribs attach independently to the sternum?
1-7
Which ribs are sometimes referred to as floating ribs and why?
11 and 12. they do not have an anterior attachment and end in the abdominal musculature
How many vertebrae make up the thoracic vertebral column?
12
What are the distinguishing features of thoracic vertebrae? (4)
- vertebral body is heart shaped
- presence of demi-facets on the sides of each vertebral body
- presence of costal facets on the transverse processes
- Spinous processes, which are long and slant inferiorly
what two joints are present between vertebrae throughout the vertebral column?
- Cartilaginous joint known as a symphysis between the vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae (joined by an intervertebral disc)
- a synovial joint between the vertebral arches
In what angle to external intercostal muscles travel from the superior rib to inferior rib?
They run inferoanteriorly
how many pairs of external intercostal muscles are there?
11
what are the attachments, actions and innervation of the intercostal muscles?
Attachments - originates from lower boarder of the superior rib, and inserts ont eh superior boarder of rib below
Actions - elevate the ribs, increase the thoracic volume
Innervation - intercostal nerves T1-T11
what angle do internal intercostal muscles run?
inferoposteriorly
what separates the internal intercostal muscles from the innermost intercostal muscles?
intercostal neurovascular bundle
what are the origins and insertions of the transversus thoracis muscles
origins - posterior surface of the sternum
insertions - internal surfaces of the costal cartilages 2-6
where do the intercostal veins on the right side drain?
Azygos system
where to the upper posterior intercostal veins on the left side drain?
they join together to formt he left superior intercostal vein and empty into the brachiocephalic vein
What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?
peripheral attachments -
lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments,
costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 (attach directly to ribs 11 an 12) and
Xiphoid process of the sternum
what is the central attachment of the diaphragm?
central tendon, which ascends to fuse with the inferior surface of the fibrous pericardium
At what level does the vena cava pass through the diaphragm?
T8
what passes through the diaphragm as level T10
Oesophagus
right and left vagus nerves
oesophageal branches of left gastric artery/vein
Aortic hiatus is at which level and what does it contain?
T12, aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve
what are the roots of the phrenic nerve?
C3,4,5 (keeps the diaphragm alive)
which arteries supply the majority of the diaphragm? and where do they arise?
the phrenic arteries, arise directly form the abdominal aorta
what type of cartilage is costal cartilage?
hyaline
which vertebral level doe the jugular notch lie?
T2
which thoracic vertebra is the sternal angle located?
T4
at which vertebral level does the xiphisternum lie?
T10
what are the boundries of the superior thoracic aperture?
anteriorly - manubrium
laterally - first rib and costal cartilage
posteriorly - T1
name the 4 parts of the parietal pleura
mediastinal
diaphragmatic
cervical
costal
What are the names of the areas of the vertebrae which connect?
superior and inferior articular facets
