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UWorld - Nervous System > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?

What does injury result in?

A

Satiety

Injury: Hyperphagia –> Weight gain

“VentroMedial injury makes you Very Massive”

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2
Q

What is the function of the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus?

What does injury result in?

A

Hunger

Injury: Anorexia and Failure to thrive

“Lateral injury makes you Lean”

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3
Q

What is the function of the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Heating, sympathetic

“Hot Pocket”

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4
Q

What is the function of the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Cooling, parasympathetic

“Anterior nucleus for A/C”

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5
Q

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Circadian Rhythm

“You need sleep to be charismatic”

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6
Q

What is the function of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A

Synthesize ADH and Oxytocin

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7
Q

What is the function of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A

Synthesize ADH and Oxytocin

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8
Q

What is the function of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Secretion of dopamine, GHrH and GnRH

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9
Q

What is the function of the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Sexual Behaviour

(releases GnRH)

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10
Q

Wallenberg Sydrome

  1. Occurs due to occlusion of which artery?
  2. How does it present?
A
  1. Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)
  2. Presents as:
    - vertigo/nystagmus
    - loss of pain/temp. sensation on ipsilateral face + contralateral bofy
    - Ipsilateral Horner Syndorme (ptosis, myosis, anhidrosis)
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11
Q

A patient comes to the hospital due to right arm tingling and numbness. Shortly after he develops right sided convulsions followed by a generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

Where did this seizure orginiate?

A

D - The Primary Somatosensory Cortex

(Postcentral Gyrus)

The initial right arm tingling was most likely due to a partial (focal) seizure, where conciousness remains intact, which then later on spread to the postcentral gyrus, the Primary Motor Cortex which then resulted in the convulsions.

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12
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

  1. What happens to speech?
  2. What happens to comprehension?
  3. Where does the lesion occur?
A
  1. Speech is nonfluent
  2. Comprehension is intact
  3. B - Inferior Frontal Gyrus

“broken boca”

boca = mouth in spanish

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13
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

  1. What happens to speech?
  2. What happens to comprehension?
  3. Where does the lesion occur?
A
  1. Speech is fluent but lacks meaning
  2. Comprehension is impaired
  3. E - Superior Temporal Gyrus

“Wernicke is wordy but makes no sense”

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14
Q

Conduction Aphasia

  1. What happens to speech?
  2. What happens to comprehension?
  3. Where does the lesion occur?
  4. What happens to repetition?
A
  1. Speech is fluent
  2. Comprehension is intact
  3. Arcuate FasCiculus
  4. Lack repetition

(they cannot repeat a sentence after hearing it)

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15
Q

Which cranial nerve would be at risk during biopsy of a lymph node in posterior triangle of the neck?

How would impairment of this nerve present?

A

Accessory (XI) Nerve

It would present with drooping of the shoulder and impaired abduction of the arm above the horizontal since the accessory nerve innervates the trapezius muscle

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16
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

It is the major relay for all ascending sensory information except olfaction

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17
Q

Ventral Postero-Lateral Nucleus of the Thalamus

  1. From which tracts does it recive input?
  2. What sensations is it responsible for?
A

1.

Spinothalamic

Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscus

2.

Vibration, Pain, Pressure, Proprioception, Light touch, Temp

“VPL –> VPPPLt”

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18
Q

Ventral Postero-Medial Nucleus of the Thalamus

  1. From which tracts does it recive input?
  2. What sensations is it responsible for?
A

1.

Trigeminal Pathway

Gustatory Pathway

2.

Face Sensation

Taste

“Makeup goes on the face”

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19
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus

  1. From which tracts does it recive input?
  2. What sensations is it responsible for?
A

1.

Optic nerve (CNII), Optic chiasm, Optic Tract

2.

Vision

“Lateral see the Light“

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20
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus

  1. From which tracts does it recive input?
  2. What sensations is it responsible for?
A

1.

Superior Olive

Inferior Colliculus

2.

Hearing

“Medial hears the Music“

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21
Q

Ventral Lateral Nucleus of the Thalamus

  1. From which tracts does it recive input?
  2. What sensations is it responsible for?
A

1.

Basal Ganglia

Cerebellum

2.

Motor

“Very Loud Motor”

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22
Q

Lacunar Infarcts

  1. Main location
  2. How do they most commonly occur?
  3. How do they appear in the brain?
A
  1. Lenticulostriate artery
  2. Lipohyalinosis with small vessel occlusion
  3. Small fluid filled cavities
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23
Q

What foramen are in the Anterior Cranial Fossa? (1)

A

Cribiform plate

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24
Q

What foramen are in the Middle Cranial Fossa? (5)

A
  1. Optic Canal
  2. Superior Orbital Fissure
  3. Foramen Rotundum
  4. Foramen Ovale
  5. Foramen Spinosum
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25
Q

What foramen are in the Posterior Cranial Fossa? (4)

A
  1. Internal Auditory Meatus
  2. Jugular foramen
  3. Hypoglossal Canal
  4. Foramen magnum
26
Q

What passes through the cribiform plate?

A

Olfactory Nerve (CN I)

27
Q

What passes through the optic canal?

A

Optic Nerve (CN II)

Opthalmic artery

28
Q

What passes through the Superior Orbital Fissure?

A

CN III – occulomotor nerve

CN IV – Trochlear nerve

CN V1 – Opthalmic brance of Trigeminal n.

CN VI

29
Q

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

CN V2 – Maxillary branch of Trigeminal nerve

30
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale?

A

CN V3 – Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

31
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

32
Q

What passes through the internal auditory meatus?

A

CN VII - Facial

CN VIII - Glosopharyngeal

33
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal n.

CN X - Vagus n.

CN XI - Acessory n.

Jugular Vein

34
Q

What passes through the hypoglosal canal?

A

CN XII - hypoglossal nerve

35
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A

Brainstem

Vertebral Arteries

Spinal root of CN XI (Accessory n.)

36
Q

Muscles of Mastication

  1. What muscles are used to open jaw?
  2. What muscles are used to close jaw?
  3. What nerve innervates these muscles?
A
  1. Masseter, teMporalis, Medial pterygoid

“M’s Munch”

  1. Lateral pterygoid

“Lateral Lowers”

  1. CN V3 - Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
37
Q

Lumbar Puncture

  1. Where should it be given?
  2. What can be used as a landmark?
A
  1. Between L3-L4 or L4-L5

“Between L3 and L5 to keep the cord alive”

  1. Illiac crests —> at level of L4
38
Q

Bell Palsy

  1. What nerve does it involve?
  2. What is the main symptom?
  3. What are the other associated symptoms?
A
  1. Facial nerve
  2. Unilateral facial paralysis
  3. impaired eye closure, eyebrow sagging, dissapearance of nasolabial fold, inability to smile/frown, decreased tearing, hyperacusis (increased sensitivity to sound)
39
Q

A patient complains of difficulty hearing and ear pain in areas of loud noice.

What cranial nerve is most likely impaired and why?

A

The Facial Nerve (CN VII)

The facial nerve innervates the stapedius muscle which stabilizes the stapes in the ear

40
Q

What is the pathway of the Pupillary Light Reflex?

A
  1. Light in either retina sends a signal via the optic nerve to the pretectal nuclei in midbrain
  2. This activates the Edinger-Westphal nuclei bilaterally

which then activates both occulomotor nerves

  1. Both pupils constrict
41
Q

CN III (occulomotor damage)

  1. Can be caused by an anuerysm of which artery?
  2. Which letter does this artery correspond to?
  3. How does it present?
A
  1. Posterior Communicating Artery (PCA) Aneurysm
  2. D

3.

mydriasis/dilater pupil

loss of pupillary light reflex, ptosis

down-and-out gaze (since LR and SO remain intact)

“LR6SO4R3“

42
Q

A patient comes in complaining about difficulty walking down the stairs but not when walking up, and difficulty reading.

What cranial nerve is most likely damaged?

A

CN IV (trochlear)

The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle which is responsible for downward internal rotation

Eye movements: LR6SO4R3

43
Q

CN VI (abducens nerve) damage

  1. What cant the eye do?
  2. How does the affected eye present?
A
  1. The eye cannot abduct

(since lateral rectus muscle is responsible for abduction)

  1. Eye displaced medially

“LR6SO4R3“

44
Q

Internuclear Opthalmoplegia

  1. Where does the lesion occur?
  2. Why does it occur?
  3. How does it present?
A
  1. Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (in dorsal pons)
  2. Due to impaired crosstalk between CN III and CN VI

3.

Affected eye (ipsilateral to lesion) is unable to adduct

Contralateral eye abducts but with nystagmus

45
Q

In what disease are bilateral lesions of the medial longitudinal fasiculus seen?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

“multiple (2) lesions in multiple sclerosis”

46
Q

To correct a rotator cuff tear an interscalene nerve block is given to anesthetize the brachial plexus.

What is the most common complication of this nerve block?

A

Ipsilateral diaphragm paralysis due to the phrenic nerve passing through the interscalene sheath

47
Q

A patient vomits after chemotherapy:

  1. Which area of the brain is responsible for this?
  2. Where is it located? (Name + letter in picture)
  3. Why does it occur?
A
  1. The Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone
  2. D

The Area Postrema --> posterior medullar near 4th ventricle

  1. This area recieves blood from fenestrated vessels

(absent blood-brain barrier)

48
Q

Saddle Anesthesia

  1. How does it present?
  2. Where nerve roots are involved?
A
  1. Loss of anocutaneous reflex

(pinprick in the perianal area does not cause rapid contraction of anal sphincter)

2.

S2, S3, S4

49
Q

Cavernous Carotid Aneurysm

  1. What nerve is most likely affected and why?
  2. How does it present?
A
  1. CN VI (abducens nerve) it is closest to the internal carotid artery in the cavernous sinus
  2. Difficulty abducting the eye due to weakness of the lateral rectus muscle (LR6SO4R3)
50
Q

Prolonged exposure to loud noises can result in hearing loss.

Why?

A

Due to damage of the sterocilliated hair cells of the organ of corti

51
Q

How does vertigo present?

A

Spinning sensation while stationary

52
Q

Maniere Disease

  1. What is it a common cause of?
  2. What other symptoms often present with it?
  3. Why/how does it occur?
A
  1. Vertigo
  2. Tinnitus (hearing loss) and hearing loss
  3. increased pressure and volume of endolymph
53
Q

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

  1. how does it present?
  2. why/how does it occur?
A

1.

Brief episodes of Vertigo brought on by head movement

(NO auditory symptoms)

2.

Otoliths in semicircular canals

54
Q

Vestibular Neuritis/Labrynthitis

  1. How does is present?
  2. Why/how does it occur?
A

1.

A single episode of severe vertigo

2.

Inflammation of vestibular nerve/labrynth

55
Q

Cholesteatoma

  1. What does it cause?
  2. What is it?
A

1.

Hearing loss

2.

collections of squamous cell debris that forms a mass behind the tympanic membrane

56
Q
A
57
Q

What caused this and how do u know?

A

Retinal Artery Occlusion

- cherry red macula

- retinal whitening

58
Q

What caused this and how do you know?

A

Hypertension

- flama shaped retinal hemorrahage

- not pictured: cotton wool-spots

59
Q

How does diabetic retinopathy appear?

A
  • new blood vessel formation
  • cotton-wool spots
60
Q
A
61
Q
A

UWorld - Nervous System (2 decks)

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