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Medicine phase 1 > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

spine, skull and thorax

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2
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

upper and lower limbs

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3
Q

What does the skeleton consist of?

A

bone, tendons and a fibrous layer of perichondrium/periosteum covering them

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4
Q

What is the role of perichondrium?

A

attachment site for ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (bone to ligament)

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5
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A
  • standing erect, feet flat on floor under hips
  • straight back with head facing forward
  • eyes looking to infinity on horizon
  • arms by side with hands facing forward
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6
Q

What are the variations of the anatomical position?

A

prone - person is laying flat on their back

supine - person is laying face down

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7
Q

What is a joint?

A

A connection between 2 or more bones, irrespective of whether movement can occur

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8
Q

how can you histologically group joints?

A

fibrous
cartilaginous (primary and secondary)
synovial

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9
Q

explain fibrous joints

A
  • bones are united by fibrous tissue
  • often limited movement
  • eg. joint btw bones of cranium (no movement)
  • eg. interosseous membrane btw radius and ulna (partial movement)
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10
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

primary - joined by hyaline cartilage (flexible)

secondary - joined by fibro-cartilage surrounded by hyaline cartilage (strong)

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11
Q

explain synovial joints:

A
  • bones covered in articular cartilage
  • covered by joint capsule
  • joint capsule encases joint cavity
  • joint cavity contains synovial fluid
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12
Q

what type of joint makes up most limb joints?

A

synovial

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13
Q

what bones articulate with the knee?

A
  • lateral and medial condyles of distal femur
  • lateral and medial condyles of tibia
  • patella
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14
Q

what ligaments stabilise tibia and femur in the coronal plane?

A

lateral and medical collateral ligaments

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15
Q

how is lateral collateral ligament damaged?

A

medial force applied to knee

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16
Q

how is medial collateral ligament damaged?

A

lateral force applied to knee

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17
Q

what does the ACL attach to?

A

anterior collateral ligament (ACL) joins posterior aspect of lateral condyle of femur to anterior part of tibial plateau

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18
Q

what does the PCL attach to?

A

posterior aspect of tibial plateau to anterior part of medial condyle of femur

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19
Q

How is the ACL damaged?

A
  • excessive twisting

- forwards movement of tibia

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20
Q

how is the PLC damaged?

A

excessive forward movement of femur when fully weight-bearing

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21
Q

What does cardiac muscle look like?

A
  • striated
  • tubular
  • branched
  • uni-nucleated
  • involuntary
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22
Q

What does smooth muscle look like

A
  • narrow, tapered, rod-shaped cells
  • non striated
  • uni-nucleated
  • involuntary
23
Q

What does skeletal muscle look like?

A
  • striated
  • tubular
  • multi-nucleated fibres
  • attached to skeleton
  • voluntary
24
Q

which muscle morphology can pull the furthest distance?

A

fusiform muscle (eg biceps)

25
Q

which muscle morphology has the greatest power?

A

convergent muscle (eg pec. major)

26
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

all the muscle cells supplies by a single nerve fibre/axon

27
Q

What is lateral flexion?

A

movement of the trunk that occurs at the intervertebral disks - upper body moves from side to side

28
Q

What is the name of the muscle movement where the thumb moves to meet the little finger?

A

opposition

29
Q

What is pronation?

A

Movement of the forearm bones so the hand faces downwards (opposite is supination)

30
Q

What id protraction

A

movement of a bone forwards of another (eg jaw when chewing). Opposite is retraction

31
Q

What is eversion?

A

twisting of the feet so they face away from each other

32
Q

what is inversion?

A

movement of the feet so soles face towards each other

33
Q

How are the vertebra of the spine labeled?

A

cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumber (5), sacral (5 fused forming sacrum), coccyx (4 fused)

34
Q

What is the odontoid peg?

A

a protrusion of axis (C2) that atlas (C1) sits on. It articulates with the anterior arch of atlas.

35
Q

What holds the odontoid peg in place?

A

The cruciate ligament

36
Q

What holes are found in cervical vertebra?

A
  • vertebral foramen (for spinal cord)

- 2 transverse foramen ( for vertebral arteries)

37
Q

How is C7 different from the other C vertebra?

A

the other vertebra have a bifid spinous process, C7 does not

38
Q

How are thoracic and cervical vertebra different?

A
  • thoracic have longer spinous processes
  • thoracic have no holes in transverse processes
  • thoracic have synovial joints for ribs to join ( transverse costal facet on transverse process and superior costal facet on vertebral body)
39
Q

how are lumber vertebra distinguished?

A
  • more massive
  • large vertebral body
  • no transverse foramen
40
Q

with what joints do the lumber vertebrae join together?

A

Synovial joints between articular processes

Secondary cartilaginous joints between the vertebral bodies (intervertebral disk)

41
Q

what is thought to cause rheumatoid arthritis?

A

damage to the synovial joints between articular processes

42
Q

What is thought to cause osteoarthritis

A

if articular cartilage of either kind of joint wears away.

43
Q

Why does a slipped disk cause back pain?

A

The herniated disk can put compress nerves causing pain

44
Q

How can the nervous system be anatomically divided?

A

Central NS - brain and spinal cord

Peripheral NS - 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

45
Q

How can the nervous system be functionally divided?

A

Somatic NS - voluntary activities (skeletal muscles and sensations reaching consciousness)
Autonomic NS - involuntary activities (motor to gland, blood vessels and the heart, sensory for BP, blood CO2 and fullness of duodenum)

46
Q

How can the autonomic nervous system be subdivided?

A

B1, parasympathetic - prepares for emergencies

B2, Sympathetic - state of rest and digestion

47
Q

how many cranial and spinal nerves are there?

A

spinal - 31

cranial - 12

48
Q

what does the brainstem consist of?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

49
Q

What is the grey matter of the brain?

A

grey matter is neurone cell bodies - where thinking takes place. The outer surface of the grain is grey matter

50
Q

What is white matter?

A

This is axons - transfers information around the brain. This is found deep to the grey matter of the brain

51
Q

What are the ‘hills’ and ‘valleys’ in the brain called?

A

hills are the gyrus

valleys are the suclus

52
Q

What are the meningeal layers of the brain?

A

protective layers between the brain and the skull. Dura mater (closest to skull), arachnoid, pia mater

53
Q

What are the layers of the dura mater?

A

periosteal layer - closest to the skull
meningeal layer - usually fused with the periosteal layer (forming a single tissue layer) but separates at certain points to fill with venous blood (venous sinuses)

Medicine phase 1 (2 decks)

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