anatomy Flashcards
What is the axial skeleton?
spine, skull and thorax
What is the appendicular skeleton?
upper and lower limbs
What does the skeleton consist of?
bone, tendons and a fibrous layer of perichondrium/periosteum covering them
What is the role of perichondrium?
attachment site for ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (bone to ligament)
What is the anatomical position?
- standing erect, feet flat on floor under hips
- straight back with head facing forward
- eyes looking to infinity on horizon
- arms by side with hands facing forward
What are the variations of the anatomical position?
prone - person is laying flat on their back
supine - person is laying face down
What is a joint?
A connection between 2 or more bones, irrespective of whether movement can occur
how can you histologically group joints?
fibrous
cartilaginous (primary and secondary)
synovial
explain fibrous joints
- bones are united by fibrous tissue
- often limited movement
- eg. joint btw bones of cranium (no movement)
- eg. interosseous membrane btw radius and ulna (partial movement)
what is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?
primary - joined by hyaline cartilage (flexible)
secondary - joined by fibro-cartilage surrounded by hyaline cartilage (strong)
explain synovial joints:
- bones covered in articular cartilage
- covered by joint capsule
- joint capsule encases joint cavity
- joint cavity contains synovial fluid
what type of joint makes up most limb joints?
synovial
what bones articulate with the knee?
- lateral and medial condyles of distal femur
- lateral and medial condyles of tibia
- patella
what ligaments stabilise tibia and femur in the coronal plane?
lateral and medical collateral ligaments
how is lateral collateral ligament damaged?
medial force applied to knee
how is medial collateral ligament damaged?
lateral force applied to knee
what does the ACL attach to?
anterior collateral ligament (ACL) joins posterior aspect of lateral condyle of femur to anterior part of tibial plateau
what does the PCL attach to?
posterior aspect of tibial plateau to anterior part of medial condyle of femur
How is the ACL damaged?
- excessive twisting
- forwards movement of tibia
how is the PLC damaged?
excessive forward movement of femur when fully weight-bearing
What does cardiac muscle look like?
- striated
- tubular
- branched
- uni-nucleated
- involuntary
What does smooth muscle look like
- narrow, tapered, rod-shaped cells
- non striated
- uni-nucleated
- involuntary
What does skeletal muscle look like?
- striated
- tubular
- multi-nucleated fibres
- attached to skeleton
- voluntary
which muscle morphology can pull the furthest distance?
fusiform muscle (eg biceps)
which muscle morphology has the greatest power?
convergent muscle (eg pec. major)
What is a motor unit?
all the muscle cells supplies by a single nerve fibre/axon
What is lateral flexion?
movement of the trunk that occurs at the intervertebral disks - upper body moves from side to side
What is the name of the muscle movement where the thumb moves to meet the little finger?
opposition
What is pronation?
Movement of the forearm bones so the hand faces downwards (opposite is supination)
What id protraction
movement of a bone forwards of another (eg jaw when chewing). Opposite is retraction
What is eversion?
twisting of the feet so they face away from each other
what is inversion?
movement of the feet so soles face towards each other
How are the vertebra of the spine labeled?
cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumber (5), sacral (5 fused forming sacrum), coccyx (4 fused)
What is the odontoid peg?
a protrusion of axis (C2) that atlas (C1) sits on. It articulates with the anterior arch of atlas.
What holds the odontoid peg in place?
The cruciate ligament
What holes are found in cervical vertebra?
- vertebral foramen (for spinal cord)
- 2 transverse foramen ( for vertebral arteries)
How is C7 different from the other C vertebra?
the other vertebra have a bifid spinous process, C7 does not
How are thoracic and cervical vertebra different?
- thoracic have longer spinous processes
- thoracic have no holes in transverse processes
- thoracic have synovial joints for ribs to join ( transverse costal facet on transverse process and superior costal facet on vertebral body)
how are lumber vertebra distinguished?
- more massive
- large vertebral body
- no transverse foramen
with what joints do the lumber vertebrae join together?
Synovial joints between articular processes
Secondary cartilaginous joints between the vertebral bodies (intervertebral disk)
what is thought to cause rheumatoid arthritis?
damage to the synovial joints between articular processes
What is thought to cause osteoarthritis
if articular cartilage of either kind of joint wears away.
Why does a slipped disk cause back pain?
The herniated disk can put compress nerves causing pain
How can the nervous system be anatomically divided?
Central NS - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral NS - 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
How can the nervous system be functionally divided?
Somatic NS - voluntary activities (skeletal muscles and sensations reaching consciousness)
Autonomic NS - involuntary activities (motor to gland, blood vessels and the heart, sensory for BP, blood CO2 and fullness of duodenum)
How can the autonomic nervous system be subdivided?
B1, parasympathetic - prepares for emergencies
B2, Sympathetic - state of rest and digestion
how many cranial and spinal nerves are there?
spinal - 31
cranial - 12
what does the brainstem consist of?
midbrain, pons, medulla
What is the grey matter of the brain?
grey matter is neurone cell bodies - where thinking takes place. The outer surface of the grain is grey matter
What is white matter?
This is axons - transfers information around the brain. This is found deep to the grey matter of the brain
What are the ‘hills’ and ‘valleys’ in the brain called?
hills are the gyrus
valleys are the suclus
What are the meningeal layers of the brain?
protective layers between the brain and the skull. Dura mater (closest to skull), arachnoid, pia mater
What are the layers of the dura mater?
periosteal layer - closest to the skull
meningeal layer - usually fused with the periosteal layer (forming a single tissue layer) but separates at certain points to fill with venous blood (venous sinuses)
