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Adele Diabetes and Endocrine > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

In which bone is the hypophyseal fossa?

A

Sphenoid bone

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2
Q

Where is the optic chiasm in relation to the pituitary gland?

A

Immediately above it

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3
Q

Which fibres from the optic nerve, nasal or temporal, cross over to the opposite side at the chiasm?

A

Nasal

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4
Q

What would be the resultant visual field defect due to pituitary gland enlargement?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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5
Q

Which is the larger of the two pituitary lobes?

A

Anterior

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6
Q

Which of the two pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

A

Anterior

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7
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A

Storage and secretion of hormones

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8
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary stains light and which stains dark under H&E staining?

A

Anterior - dark

Posterior - light

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9
Q

What are the main secretory cells of the posterior pituitary?

A

Magnocellular neurons

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10
Q

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

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11
Q

What is the blood supply of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Superior hypophyseal artery - branch of internal carotid artery

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12
Q

What is the blood supply of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Inferior hypophyseal artery - branch of internal carotid artery

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13
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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14
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

A

Infundibulum

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15
Q

Between which vertebral levels is the thyroid gland found?

A

C5 to T1

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16
Q

Between which other structures is the thyroid gland found?

A

Between the thyroid cartilage and the 6th tracheal ring

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17
Q

Where does the isthmus lie in relation to the trachea?

A

Opposite the 2nd to 4th tracheal rings

18
Q

Identify three strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland

A

Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid

19
Q

What are the two nerves that supply the muscles of the vocal cords, and where are they in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - runs between trachea and oesophagus
Superior laryngeal nerve - runs beside the superior thyroid artery

20
Q

From which major artery in the neck does the superior thyroid artery arise?

A

External carotid artery

21
Q

From which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?

A

Thyrocervical trunk

22
Q

Into which vein do the superior thyroid veins drain?

A

Internal jugular vein

23
Q

Into which vein do the middle thyroid veins drain?

A

Internal jugular vein

24
Q

Into which vein do the inferior thyroid veins drain?

A

Brachiocephalic veins

25
Q

Where do most lymph vessels of the thyroid gland drain to?

A

Deep cervical group of lymph nodes

26
Q

What is colloid?

A

Thyroid hormone bound to a glycoprotein

27
Q

Where is colloid found?

A

Within the cavity of the follicles

28
Q

Which cells produce calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells

29
Q

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands and what is its function?

A

Parathyroid hormone - stimulates osteoclast activity to enhance bone resorption

30
Q

How are the adrenal glands peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneally

31
Q

What are the two different parts of the adrenal gland called?

A

Outer - cortex

Inner - medulla

32
Q

What is the embryological origin of the adrenal cortex?

A

Mesodermal epithelium

33
Q

What is the embryological origin of the adrenal medulla?

A

Neuroectoderm

34
Q

What is the arterial supply of the adrenal glands and from which larger vessels do they originate?

A

Superior suprarenal artery - Inferior phrenic artery
Middle suprarenal artery - abdominal aorta
Inferior suprarenal artery - renal artery

35
Q

Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain on the right side?

A

Inferior vena cava

36
Q

Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain on the left side?

A

Left renal or left inferior phrenic vein

37
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

Outer - zona glomerulosa (thin)
Middle - zona fasciculata (thick)
Inner - zona reticularis (immediately adjacent to the medulla)

38
Q

What is the main hormone type secreted by the zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)

39
Q

What is the main hormone type secreted by the zona fasciculata?

A

Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

40
Q

What is the main hormone type secreted by the zona reticularis?

A

Androgens (e.g. DHEA)

41
Q

How is the pancreas peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneally

42
Q

Which arteries supply the pancreas?

A

Splenic artery, superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

Adele Diabetes and Endocrine (4 decks)

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