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Gastroenterology ll > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the superior border (roof) of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

diaphram, ribcage (attaches at ribs 7-10 & xyphoid)

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2
Q

What is in the inferior border (floor) of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

pelvic bones (ileum, ischium, & pubis [pairs] & pelvic diaphragm

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3
Q

What is included in the posterior wall of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

lumbar spine, quadratus lumborum, & spinal muscles

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4
Q

What is included in the anterolateral walls of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

musculoponeurotic layers (multiple)

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5
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A
  • Superiorly- 7th-10th ribs & xyphoid
  • Inferiorly- inguinal ligament & rim of pelvis (ilac crest, pubic crest, & pubic symphysis)
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6
Q

What does the anterolateral wall consist of?

A

skin, subq, muscles (& their aponeuroses & deep fat), extraperitoneal fat & parietal peritoneum

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7
Q

What is the fascia of the anterolateral wall?

A
  • Subq tissue (fascia)- major fat storage; above umbilicus, subq consistent w/most areas of body
  • Below umbilicus:
    1. Superficial fascia (Camper fascia)
    2. Deep membranous layer (scarpa fascia) [deep layer continuous inferiorly with superficial perineal fascia (colles fascia)
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8
Q

What does the investing fascia (epimysium) cover?

A

covers 3 muscles of the anterolateral wall & connects them to their respective aponeurosis

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9
Q

What is the transversalis fascia?

A

part of the “endoabdominal fascia” covering the inner aspect of the transversis abdominis muscle

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10
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

lines the entire abdominal cavity, internal to transversalis fascia separated by varying thicknesses of extraperitoneal fat

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11
Q

What are the categories of the anterolateral wall muscles?

A

five bilaterally paired muscles- 3 flat (2 diagonal, 1 transverse fibers) & 2 vertical

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12
Q

What are the flat muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles?

A

external oblique, internal oblique, & transverse abdominis

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13
Q

What are the vertical muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

rectus abdominis & pyramidalis (in 80% of population)

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14
Q

What is the external oblique muscle?

  • which fibers are the largest?
  • which part contrubutes the most?
A
  • largest & most superficial of the 3 flat abdominal muscles
  • posterior most muscle fibers are thickest part of muscle
  • fleshy (muscular) part contributes the most to lateral part of abdominal wall
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15
Q

What is the external oblique muscle?

  • where does the aponeurosis contribute?
  • which direction do fibers run?
  • where is the inferior aponeurosis & where does it attach?
A
  • aponeurosis contributes to anterior part of abdominal wall (starts ~MCL & spinoumbilical line)
  • most fibers run in inferomedial direction
  • inferior aponeurosis thickens as fibrous band b/t ASIS & pubic tubercle- inguinal ligament (poupart ligament) & attaches medially to linea alba
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16
Q

What is the internal oblique muscle?

  • which direction do the fibers run?
  • where do the fibers merge & what does the aponeurosis contribute to?
A
  • middle layer of 3 flat muscles
  • fleshy fibers run perpendicular to external oblique fibers; most fibers run superomedially
  • fibers merge w/it’s aponeurosis ~MCL which contributes to formation of rectus abdominus sheath & connects medially to linea alba
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17
Q

What is the transversus abdominis muscle?

  • which direction do the fibers run?
  • where do the fibers originate & what do they merge with?
  • what does it contribute to?
A
  • innermost layer of flat muscles
  • run “transversely”
  • large portion of fibers originate from the thoracolumbar fascia posteriorly & merge w/anterior aponeurosis ~MCL
  • contributes to posterior wall of rectus abdominus sheath
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18
Q

What is the rectus abdominus muscle?

  • what is it paired with?
  • where do muscle fibers anchor?
A

long/broad, strap-like vertical muscle from ribcage to pubic bone; flat & wide superiorly, narrow & thick inferiorly; most of body is within it’s sheath (formed by flat muscle neuroses)

  • fibers anchor transversely with anterior layer of sheath at 3 or more tendinous insertions (6 pack)
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19
Q

What is the rectus sheath, linea alba, & umbilicus? What does it contain?

A

strong (yet incomplete) fibrous compartment for rectus abdominis muscles (also pyramidalis muscle if present) & also contains vessels, nerves, & lymphatics of anterolateral ab wall

20
Q

How are the rectus sheath, linea alba, & umbilicus formed?

A
  • formed by decussation & interweacing of the aponeuroses of flat ab muscles (external & internal obliques & transversus abdominis)
21
Q

What forms the anterior and posterior walls of the rectus sheath?

What is the function of the internal oblique aponeurosis?

A

external oblique aponeurosis forms anterior wall og sheath its entire length & transversus abdominis aponeurosis forms posterior sheath wall

internal oblique (superior 2/3) splits into 2 layers (ant & pos); ant tissue joins external oblique aponeurosis to form anterior wall of sheath; pos tissue joins transversus abdominis aponeurosis to form pos sheath wall (stays this way until ~1/3 of way b/t umbilicus & pubis)

22
Q

What are the dermatomes of the anterolateral wall?

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-T12 following ribs as intercostal nerves & branching into thoracoabdominal nerves at the costal margins (overlap of nerves allows for inhury)

spinal nerve L1 branches as 2 nerves & supplies a larger area of pubic & proximal thigh

23
Q

What are the lateral (thoracic) cutaneous nerve branches and where is it located?

A

anterolateral abdominal wall- branches of spinal nerves T7-T9 (or 10)

24
Q

Where is the subcostal nerve located and where is it from?

A

anterolateral abdominal wall- from anterior ramus of T12

25
Q

Where are the iliohypogastric & ilioinguinal nerves located and what branches do they form?

A

anterolateral ab wall- terminal branches of anterior ramus of spinal nerve L1

26
Q

What covers the internal surface of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

internally- covered by transversalis fascia, varying amts of extraperitoneal fat, & PP

27
Q

What are the folds of the parietal peritoneum?

A

5 infraumbilical, 2 supraumbilical

  • infraumbilical: median, medial, & lateral
  • supraumbilical: falciform ligament & round ligament
28
Q

What are the fossae of the anterolateral wall?

A

supravesical fossae

medial inguinal fossae

lateral inguinal fossae

29
Q

Where is the supravesical fossa?

A

lies between the median and medial infraumbilical folds (from umbilicus to bladder apex)

30
Q

Where is the medial inguinal fossae located?

A

lies b/t medial and lateral infraumbilical folds; also called inguinal triangles (Hesselbach triangles)

31
Q

Where is the lateral inguinal fossae located?

A

lies lateral to the lateral infraumbilical folds & includes the deep inguinal ring of the inguinal canal

32
Q

Where is the inguinal region located and what descends through it?

A

“the groin” extends from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle (many structures enter & exit cavity here & it is a potential site of herniation)

male gonad (testis) descends through the inguinal canal (site of hernia) just prior to birth

33
Q

Where is the inguinal ligament located?

A

spans from ASIS to pubic tubercle as a bilaminar “retinaculum” for the flexors of the hip joint & neurovascular structures- space called “subinguinal space”

34
Q

What is the inguinal ligament formed from?

A

formed from the thickened inferolateral most portion of the external oblique aponeurosis

35
Q

What is the lacunar ligament & what is the reflected inguinal ligament comprised of?

A

some deeper fibers of the external oblique aponeurosis pass posterior forming supporting structures (which is called lacunar ligament); some attach superiorly to linea alba & form reflected inguinal ligament

36
Q

What is the iliopubic tract formed of and what is it’s function?

A

thickened inferior margin of transversalis fascia; forms a fibrous band running parallel but deep to inguinal ligament & reinforces the pos wall and floor of the inguinal canal

37
Q

Where is the inguinal canal located and what does it contain?

A

~4cm long & directed inferomedially; runs parallel & superior to medial half of inguinal ligament

  • contains spermatic cord (male) or round ligament of uterus (female) plus blood & lymphatic vessels & ilioinguinal nerve (both)
  • canal has 2 walls (ant & pos) & roof & floor
38
Q

Where is the deep (internal) inguinal ring located?

A

entrance to cancal through evagination of transversalis fascia; lateral to inferior epigastric artery

39
Q

Where is the superficial (external) inguinal ring located?

A

(in inguinal canal)

exit for spermatic cord (M) or round lig (F) through split in external oblique aponeurosis just superolateral to pubic tubercle

40
Q

What is the posterior abdominal wall composed of?

A
  1. five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
  2. posterior wall muscles (psoas, iliacus, quadratus lumborum, transversus abdominis), & abdominal obliques (internal & external)
  3. fascia (including thoracolumbar fascia)
  4. lumbar plexus of nerves from anterior rami of lumbar spinal nerves
  5. fat, nerves, vessels (aorta, IVC), LN
41
Q

What are the quadrants of the body?

A
42
Q

What are the organs in the respective quadrants?

A
43
Q

What are the origins, insertions, innervations, & main actions of the abdominal muscles?

A
44
Q
A
45
Q

What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal?

A

Gastroenterology ll (1 decks)

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