Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y3 TRANSITION > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the requirement for full abduction of the shoulder?

A

Scapular rotation via serratus anterior

Impingement of greater tuberosity by acromian process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the extrinsic muscles of the toe

A

Extensor hallucis longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Fibularis longus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the intrinsic muscles of the toe and give their action

A

Extensor hallucis brevis (toe extension)
Flexor hallucis brevis (toe flexion)
Adductor hallucis (toe adduction)
Abductor hallucis (toe abduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the extrinsic muscles of the digits of the foot

A 
Flexor digitorum longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis brevis
Fibularis tertius
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the intrinsic muscles of the digits of the foot and give their action

A

Extensor digitorum brevis (digit extension)
Flexor digitorum brevis (digit flexion)
Abductor digiti minimi (little toe abduction)
Flexor digiti minimi (little toe flexion)
Quadratus plantae (flexion at DIPs)
Lumbricals
Interossei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many lumbrical muscles are there in the foot?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many interossei muscles are there in the foot?

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the five types of joints in the foot

A 
Subtalar (talus - calcaneus)
Midtarsal (calcaneus - cuboid - talus)
Tarsometatarsal (cuneiforms, cuboid and MTs)
MTP
IP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What bones make up the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot respectively?

A

Talus and calcaneus
Navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms
MTs and phalanges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List the posterior ankle tendons in the tarsal tunnel starting from closest posteriorly to MM to furthest away

A 
TOM: Tibial posterior
DICK: Flexor digitorium longus
AND: Posterior tibial artery
VERY: Posterior tibial vein
NERVOUS: Tibial nerve
HARRY: Flexor hallucis longus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the main blood supply to the foot, give it’s origin and branches?

A 
Dorsalis pedis (from A tibial artery) ---> Arcuate arteries
M + L plantar arteries (from P tibial artery) ---> MT arteries ---> Digit arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the main venous supply from the foot?

A

SUPERFICIAL: dorsal venous arch into great and small saphenous veins
DEEP: A + P tibial and fibular veins into popliteal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the motor nerve supply to the foot?

A

SOLE: Tibial nerve
DORSUM: Deep fibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the foot?

A

1ST CLEFT: Superficial fibular nerve
PROX. LATERAL: Sural nerve
PROX. MEDIAL: Saphenous nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List the anterior muscles of the leg

What is their main movement?

A 
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
Dorsiflexors of ankle and toe extensors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the anterior leg muscles?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4, 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List the lateral muscles of the leg

What is their main movement?

A

Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Eversion of foot, ankle plantarflexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the lateral leg muscles?

A

Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List the posterior superficial muscles of the leg

What is their main movement?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Ankle plantarflexion, knee flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the posterior superficial leg muscles?

A

Tibial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the posterior deep muscles of the leg

What is their main movement?

A 
Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
Toe flexion, ankle plantarflexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the posterior deep leg muscles?

A

Tibial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type and class is the knee joint? What is it’s main movement?

A

Hinge
Synovial
FL-EX (some rotation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the main articulations of the knee joint?

A

2 x femorotibial

1 x femoropatellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the extra- and intracapsular ligaments of the knee joint?

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
Medial and lateral menisci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What material are menisci composed of?

A

Fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

SL - biceps femoris
SM - semimembranous
I - gastrocnemius
Roof - popliteal fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the components of the popliteal NVB (superficial - deep)?

A

Tibial nerve
Popliteal vein
Popliteal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the branches of the popliteal artery, and what do they become?

A

Anterior tibial artery —> Dorsalis pedis
Posterior tibial artery —> Fibular artery
M + L plantar arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The calcaneal tendon is a combination of what two tendons?

A

Gastrocnemus

Soleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

List the superficial gluteal muscles

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which movements does gluteus maximus enable?

A

Hip: mostly extension (also external rotation, abduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which movements does gluteus medius enable?

A

Hip: abduction
Thigh: medial rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which movements does gluteus minimus enable?

A

Hip: abduction
Thigh: medial rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which movements does tensor fasciae latae enable?

A

Hip: flexion, medial rotation, abduction
Knee: lateral rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

except gluteus maximus, which has inferior gluteal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

List the deep gluteal muscles

What is the main movement of these muscles?

A 
Piriformis
Superior gemellus
Inferior gemellus
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris
Lateral rotation of the thigh
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the nerve supply to piriformis?

A

Nerve to piriformis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the nerve supply to superior gemellus?

A

Nerve to obturator internus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the nerve supply to inferior gemellus?

A

Nerve to quadratus femoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the nerve to obturator internus?

A

Nerve to obturator internus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the nerve supply to quadratus femoris?

A

Nerve to quadratus femoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The sciatic nerve is found inferior to what muscle? What areas does it innervate anatomically? What are the nerve roots?

A

Piriformis
Posterior thigh, leg, foot
L4 - S3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where does the pudenal nerve supply anatomically? What are it’s nerve roots?

A

Perineum

S2 - S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply? What are it’s nerve roots?

A

Skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum, upper medial thigh
S1 - S3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the arterial supply to the sciatic nerve?

A

Artery to sciatic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve branch? List these branches

A

Tibial and common fibular branches form at inferior third of the thigh

48
Q

The thickening of the fascia lata, on the lateral surface of the thigh is known as…

A

The iliotibial tract

49
Q

List the superior, lateral, medial, floor and roof borders of the femoral triangle respectively?

A 
SAIL
Inguinal ligament
Adductor longus (lateral border)
Sartorius (medial border)
Iliopsoas and pectinus
Fascia lata
50
Q

List, from lateral to medial, the components of the femoral triangle?

A

Nerve
Artery
Vein
Lympatics

51
Q

What is contained within the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral artery and vein

52
Q

What is the only palpable vessel within the femoral triangle? It is a continuation of…

A

Femoral artery

External iliac artery

53
Q

The inguinal ligament is located between which two bony landmarks?

A

ASIS

Pubic tubercle

54
Q

A weakness in what muscles can cause a Trendelberg’s gait? What nerve lesion is this associated with?

A

Abductor muscles of lower limb - gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Superior gluteal nerve

55
Q

List the anterior muscles of the thigh

What is their main movement?

A 
Sartorius
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Quadriceps femoris
Hip flexion, knee extension
56
Q

Which 2 muscles make up the iliopsoas muscle?

A

Iliacus

Psoas major

57
Q

Which 4 muscles make up the quadriceps femoris muscle?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medius
Vastus lateralis

58
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the anterior thigh muscles?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

59
Q

List the medial muscles of the thigh

What is their main movement?

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Obturator externus
Gracilis
Hip adduction
60
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the medial thigh muscles? What is the exception to this?

A 
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
Tibial nerve (hamstring part of adductor magnus)
61
Q

List the posterior muscles of the thigh

What is their main movement?

A

Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Hip extension,knee flexion

62
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the posterior thigh muscles? What is the exception to this?

A 
Sciatic nerve (tibial portion) (L5, S1, S2)
Common fibular nerve [short head of biceps femoris]
63
Q

What nerve is the continuation of the femoral nerve?

A

Saphenous nerve

64
Q

The femoral nerve passes between what two muscles?

A

Sartorius

Gracillus

65
Q

Radiation of pain from the hip to the knee can be atrributed to what nerve?

A

Obturator nerve

66
Q

What class and type of joint is the hip joint? What movements can occur here?

A

Ball and socket
Synovial
FL-EX, M-L rotation, circumduction

67
Q

What ligaments can be found at the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Ligament to femur head

68
Q

What is the arterial supply to the hip joint?

A

Retinacular arteries from medial and lateral circumflex arteries (branch of deep femoral artery)
Artery to head of femur

69
Q

The femoral artery branches into…

A

Popliteal artery

Deep femoral artery

70
Q

What are the superficial veins of the lower limb and what do they each drain into?

A

Great saphenous vein (posteromedial) —> Femoral vein

Short saphenous vein (posterior) —> Popliteal vein

71
Q

What is Trendelenburg test? What does it indicate?

A

Pelvis drops on the contralateral side during a single leg stand on the affected side
Superior gluteal nerve lesion

72
Q

What nerve is commonly affected in a humeral midshaft fracture?

A

Radial nerve

73
Q

What nerve is commonly affected in a surgical neck of humerus fracture?

A

Axillary nerve

74
Q

What nerve and what artery is commonly affected in a supracondylar fracture?

A

Median nerve

Brachial artery

75
Q

What ligament is injured in an inversion injury of the ankle on running vs in stationary?

A 
Anterior talofibular ligament (running)
Calcaenofibular ligament (in stationary)
76
Q

What ligament is injured in an eversion injury of the ankle?

A

Deltoid ligament

77
Q

Guyon’s tunnel compression is common in…

A

Cyclists

78
Q

Ulnar nerve compression would affect which muscles?

A

Hypothenar eminence

Intrinsic hand muscles (interossei)

79
Q

Median nerve compression would affect which muscles?

A 
LOAF
Lumbricals (1-2)
(Thenar eminence)
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicus brevis
Flexor pollicus brevis
80
Q

Cubital tunnel syndrome affects which nerve?

A

Ulnar nerve

81
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome affects which nerve?

A

Median nerve

82
Q

What supplies the muscles in the anterior forearm? What is the exception to this?

A

Median nerve

Medial half of flexor digitorium profundus, flexor carpi ulnaris are supplied by ulnar nerve

83
Q

Which clinical sign is most likely in severe sciatica?

A

Decreased power of plantar-flexion

84
Q

Which muscle is the main flexor of the hip joint?

A

Iliopsoas

85
Q

A thrombosis originating in the posterior tibial vein has extended to the level of the inguinal ligament. Further proximal progression will extend the thrombus into which vein next?

A

External iliac vein

86
Q

List the ligaments of the back and give their position

A 
Ligamentum flavum (connect lamina)
Anterior longitudinal ligament  (front of vertebral body)
Posterior longitudinal ligament (back of vertebral body)
Supraspinous ligament (connects tips of spinous processes)
Interspinous ligament (connect spinous processes)
87
Q

Which ligament of the back is most commonly transected in a laminectomy?

A

Ligamentum flavum

88
Q

List the main reflexes of the upper and lower limbs

A 
Biceps reflex (C5/C6)
Triceps reflex (C7/C8)
Supinator reflex (C6)
Knee jerk (L3/L4)
Ankle jerk (S1,S2)
89
Q

Which cutaneous nerve most commonly causes left foot drop?

A

Deep fibular nerve

90
Q

A patient presents with anaesthesia in the first web space only. Which cutaneous nerve is likely to be affected?

A

Deep fibular nerve

Superficial fibular is dorsum of foot

91
Q

A lesion of the anterior roots would affect which side of the body anatomically

A

Ipsilateral side

92
Q

A 45yo man presents with an uncomfortable swelling visible and palpable in relation to the posteromedial aspect of the knee. What is the most likely pathology?

A

Great saphenous vein (phlebitis)

93
Q

A patient in a RTA is diagnosed with compartment syndrome. On examination, pain is elicited on stretching the function of the muscles supplied by the tibial nerve. What compartment of the lower limb is affected?

A

Anterior compartment of the leg

94
Q

On lower limb examination when the patient is asked to stand on their right leg, their pelvis tips inferiorly towards their left side. Which of the options would give this sign?

A

Congenital hip dislocation

95
Q

Spinal stenosis is diagnosed on an MRI scan. Which movement of the spine would exacerbate the pain the most?

A

Extension

Shopping trolley sign

96
Q

The clinician flexes and extends the patients hip. The patient feels pain in the anterior aspect of their thigh. Which neural structure is involved in transmitting action potentials that carry pain?

A 
Lumbosacral plexus
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
97
Q

What is meant an UMN?

A

Located within brainstem and send axons down the spinal cord to LMNs

98
Q

What is meant by a LMN?

A

Connects the spinal cord (UMNs) and muscles

99
Q

What is the role of the dorsal column/ medial lemniscus system?

A

SENSORY: Fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioception (mostly upper limb)

100
Q

What is the role of the spinothalamic tract?

A

SENSORY: Carries pain, temperature and deep pressure

101
Q

What is the role of the corticospinal/pyramidal tract?

A

MOTOR: fine, precise movement especially of distal limb muscles, for example digits

102
Q

Which short ligament connects the adjacent lamina posteriorly to the spinal cord?

A

Ligamentum flavum

103
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Narrow and weak

Prevents overflexion

104
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Broad and strong

Prevents overextension

105
Q

List the ligaments of the vertebral column

A 
Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament 
Anterior longitudinal ligament 
Supraspinous ligaments 
Interspinous ligaments
106
Q

Identify the sensory PERIPHERAL nerves of the lumbosacral plexus that form the named nerve cutaneous innervation of the ANTERIOR lower limb

A 
1ST LAYER: lateral to medial
Subcostal nerve (T12) - corner 
Genitofemoral nerve (L1, L2) - 1 or 2 balls 
Ilioinguinal nerve (L1) - 1lioinguinaL

2ND LAYER: lateral to medial
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L3, L4)
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4) - FRONT
Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) - OPEN YOUR LEGS

3RD LAYER: lateral to medial
Deep fibular nerve (L2, L3) - TELLING A FIB - HIDING SOMETHING
Superficial fibular nerve
Saphenous nerve (L3, L4) - from femoral - SECRET

4TH LAYER: lateral to medial
Sural nerve (S1, S2) - ‘sweet’ little toe
Superficial fibular nerve (L4, L5, S1) - shoe (most of foot)
Deep fibular nerve (L5) - ‘fin’ - toe web

107
Q

Identify the sensory PERIPHERAL nerves of the lumbosacral plexus that form the named nerve cutaneous innervation of the POSTERIOR lower limb

A

1ST LAYER: lateral to medial
Iliohypogastric nerve (L1) - ‘1Lio’
Posterior ramii (cluneal nerves) (S1, S2, S3) - ‘No clue = hiding at back)
Ilioinguinal nerve

2ND LAYER: lateral to medial

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1, S2, S3)
Obturator and femoral nerves

3RD LAYER: lateral to medial
Common fibular nerve
Sural nerve (from tibial and common fibular: S1, S2 - SECRET (in middle)
Saphenous nerve

4TH LAYER: lateral to medial
Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3)
Calcaneal nerve (HEEL)
Medial and lateral plantar nerves (SOLE)

108
Q

What is the difference between a spinal nerve and a named nerve?

A

Spinal nerves are axons originating from one spinal cord level e.g. L5 spinal nerve, whereas named nerve are axons originating from 1 or more spinal cord levels supplying an area e.g. musculocutaneous nerve (C5, 6, 7)

109
Q

A patient presents with difficulty lifting his right leg out of bed. He is able to weight bear pain-free but his leg feels weak. On examination, he is unable to straight leg raise. Which injury is the most likely?

A

Ruptured quadriceps tendon

Extensor mechanism rupture

110
Q

Where do visceral afferents enter the spinal cord for pelvic organs that touch the peritoneum? Where is pain perceived? List these organs

A

T11-L2 via sympathetic fibres
Suprapubic region
Uterine tubes, uterus, ovaries

111
Q

Where do visceral afferents enter the spinal cord for pelvic organs that are not touching the peritoneum? Where is pain perceived? List these organs

A

S2-S4 via parasympathetic fibres
S2,3,4 dermatome (perineum and posterior thigh)
Cervix and superior vagina

112
Q

Where does the pudenal nerve enter the spinal cord for structures in the perineum? Where is pain perceived? List these organs

A

S2-S4 via somatic sensory fibres
Localised pain in perineum
Inferior vagina, perineal muscles, glands, skin

113
Q

What organs refer to the epigastric region?

A

Foregut organs

114
Q

What organs refer to umbilical region?

A

Midgut organs

115
Q

What organs refer to the suprapubic region?

A

Hindgut organs (inc. uterus, tubes, ovaries)

Y3 TRANSITION (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions