Anatomy Flashcards
What are the fontanelles of the skull ?
- Anterior
- Posterior
- sphenoidal
- Mastoid
When do fontanelles fuse ?
9-18 months
What are sutures ?
Left by fontanelles when they fuse
Name the 5 of the skull
- metopic- doesnt exist in most adults
- coronal
- squamous
- sagittal
- Lamboid
Craniostenosis
failure of the fontanelles to fuse
appearance depends on where there is a failure to fuse!
What bone structures dont stop growing?
the skull and maxilla
Main category differences between males and females
Size Robusticity Reproduction Bone Chemistry Behaviour
Typical accuracies for sex estimation
90-95% whole skeleton
90% pelvis
80% Cranium
70% Long bones
5 sex categories:
Absolute male Absolute Female Possible male Possible Female indeterminate
How many diagnostic features are in the hip bone and Sacrum?
25
How many osteometric points are the ?
25
Female Skull Features :
- Smaller/lighter
- Rounded forehead
- smooth Supraorbital ridge
- Round Orbits
- Sharp upper eye margins
- Pointed chin
- Sloping obtuse angle of the mandible
Male Skull Features :
- Large/ Heavier
- Sloping/less rounded
- Prominent supraorbital ridge
- Square Orbits
- Blunt upper eye margins
- Square Chin
- Vertical angle of the mandible
Age estimation primarily based on
- Growth and development of immature skeletons
- Degenerative change in adult skeletons
Errors in ageing increase with what ?
Age
Ageing methods in adults :
- Dental Occlusal Wear
- Pubic Symphysis metamorphosis
- Cranial suture closure
- Auricular surface metamorphosis
Dental occlusal wear:
caused by attrition, erosion and abrasion
- accumulative
- wear rates depend on diet, dental disease and non-dietary usage of the teeth
Miles ageing system :
- in subadult mandibles the age at death is estimated from dental development
- variation between individuals with teeth eruption
Age changes to pubic symphysis:
young -> horizontal grooves and ridges/ billowing
increase in age grooves are infilled and margins thicken to develop a rim
- Old -> Pitted/Porous/ Irregular margins
Auricular surface of the ilium :
stages are characterised by changes in transverse organisation, granulating, porosity and margins
Cranial suture closure:
cranial vault closure close between 30-50 years so effectiveness of method is limited
Changes in sternal ends of Ribs:
4-6
Young adults joint surfaces smooth, straight, walled / slightly indented
- increase in age > surface deeper and wider with scalloping of the walls
Microscopic age estimation :
- Root dentine transparency
- Cementum growth
- Osteon accumulation
Estimation of age at death in immatures :
Standards based on :
- Increase with age in linear bone dimensions
- appearance and fusion of centres of ossification
- Calcification, eruption and subsequent loss of deciduous teeth and their replacement by permanent teeth
Deciduous teeth Vs Permanent Teeth
- Smaller size
- Roots of anterior teeth narrow
- Roots of posterior teeth flared to accommodate premolar crowns
- Cemento-enamel junction is less sinuous
- Pulp chambers are large with thinner primary dentine
- Enamel wears quickly and prone to decay
- Roots are resorbed prior to exfoliation of the crowns
How many bones are there in the human Skull ?
22
What bones are in the Neurocranium ?
8 in total
- Frontal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Occipital
- Temporal X2
- Parietal X2
What are the bones of the Viscerocranium ?
14 in total
- Mandible
- Vomer
- Nasal bones X2
- Lacrimal bones X2
- Zygomatic X2
- Inferior Nasal Conchae X2
- Palatine bones X2
- Maxillae X2
Foramina of the skull-
- Cribriform plate - CN1 Olfactory
- Optic Canal- CN2 Optic
- Superior Orbital Fissure - CN3 Oculomotor, CN4 Trochlear, CN5 Ophthalmic, CN6 Abducens
- Foramen Rotundum -CN5 branch 2 Maxillary
- Foramen Ovale - CN5 branch 3 Mandibular
- Internal acoustic meatus - CN7 Facial , CN8 Vestibulocochlear
- Jugular Foramen- CN9 Glosopharyngeal, CN10 Vagus , CN11 Accessory
- Hypoglossal Canal - CN12 Hypoglossal
Osteometric points:
- Glabella
- Gnathion
- Gonion
- Labrale inferiorus
- Mentolabial sulcus
- Menton
- Mid Nasal
- Mid Philtrum
- Mid Ramus
- Pogonion
- Prosthion
- Rhinion
- Subnasale
- Vertex
- Zygion
How many teeth do we have ?
32
4 types of teeth
incisors, Canines, Premolars and molars
Formation of teeth in the upper part of the oral cavity going from left to right looking at a person
M3, M2, M1, 2nd bicuspid, 1st bicuspid, cuspid, lateral incisor, centra incisor- Central incisor, Lateral incisor, cuspid, 1st bicuspid, 2nd bicuspid, M1,M2, M3
Vestibule
Between teeth and inner lining of the lips
How many surfaces are there of the teeth?
5
Different surfaces of the tooth
- Incisal
- Occlusal
- Mesial
- Distal
- Buccal
- Palatal
- Lingual
- Labial
- Cervical
Incisal
Biting edge of incisors and canines
Occlusal
Biting surface of pre molars and molars
Mesial
Surface of any tooth nearest to the midline
Distal
surface of any tooth furthest from the mid line
Buccal
Surface facing the cheeks (Premolars/molars)
Palatal
Surface of the teeth facing the palate of the upper teeth
Lingual
Surface facing the tongue
Labial
surface facing lips (Incisors and canines)
Cervical
Part of tooth next to gingival (gum) margin
3 sections of a tooth
Crown, Neck and root
Dental Charting
4 quadrants - upper right, upper left lower right, lower left Fracture- hashtag Gone-- Present - X
Permanent Teeth
Larger and cervical necks straight and more in line with the root
- Pulpal chambers are smaller and crowns larger in proportion with the roots
Sex Estimation in Adults
- morphological traits of the skull
- morphological traits of the pelvis
- Discriminant Function analysis of hip bone
- Post cranial skeleton
Nuchal Crest
- Males pointy/ ridged
- Females smooth
Mastoid process
- Male big and rounded
- female small and not very prominent
Orbital margin
- Males big and rounded
- females pointy
Supraorbital ridge
- males prominent and angular
- females Smooth
Mental eminence
- Males up and pointy
Frontal slope
Males- Inclined
Females-Vertical
Traits of the male pelvis
- Prominent muscle attachments
- High and narrow
- Narrow heart shaped pelvic inlet
- Iliac blade more lateral
- V shaped acute sciatic notch
- Tall pubic symphysis
- sub-pubic angle narrow and V shaped
- Acetabulum large and lateral
Traits of the female pelvis
- Slight muscle attachments
- Broad and narrow
- Broad and oval
- iliac blade flared laterally
- U shaped/obtuse sciatic notch
- short pubic symphysis
- Broad U shaped pubic symphysis
- Acetabulum small and anterolaterally
Discriminant Function Analysis of hip bone measurements
I ischial length upper rim of acetabulum to lower margin of ischial tuberosity
A Acetabulum diameter
P Pubic length, upper margin of pubic symphysis to nearest rim of acetabulum
DF value Male or female ?
neagtive female
positive male
DF Accuracy
98% accuracy but may be population differences
Post cranial skeleton measurements
Scapula - glenoid cavity Humerus- head diameter Humerus- epicondylar diameter Radius- Diameter of head Radius- Transverse diameter Femur- Head diameter Femur- Condylar breadth
Age estimation in perinatal and foetal
- Regression analysis
- Diaphyseal femur length
- Diaphyseal Tibia Length
- Diaphyseal Humerus length
Age estimation from dental development
- Calcification and emergence of deciduous teeth
- Root resorption and exfoliation of deciduous teeth
- Calcification and emergence of permanent teeth
- Refer to dental chart
Taphonomy
- Modern vs Archaeological
- Animal vs human
- Examination for potential trauma e.g Gnawing, trampling and cutting
- Surface preservation level- Grade 0-5
Superior Facial Muscles
- Frontalis
- Orbicularis Oculi
- Nasalis
- Zygomatic minor
- Zygomatic Major
- Orbicularis Oris
- Risorius
- Platysma
Deep muscles of the Face
- Temporalis
- Corrugator supercii
- Procerus
- Levator Labii superioris
- Levator anguli oris
- Masseter
- Buccinator
- Depressor anguli oris
- Depressor Labii inferioris
Branches of the facial nerve
- Temporal
- Zygomatic
- Buccal
- Mandibular
- Cervical
Glabella
on the forehead between the eyebrows
Vertex
Top of the skull
Naison
top of the nose
Mid-Nasal
middle of the nose
Rhinion
tip of the nose (Rhino)
Subnasale
Below the nose
Mid philtrum
Between bottom of the nose and top of the lip
-Cupid bow
Prosthion
top of teeth/top of the lip
Labale inferioris
- bottom of the bottom lip
Mento labial sulcus
Where the bottom of the lip attached in the inside of the mouth
Pogonion
Most anterior chin point
Gnathion
tip of the chin
Menton
Lowest inferior border of the mandible
Gonion
Tip of jaw at the back (Angle of the Jaw)
CN 1 Olfactory goes through what foramina ?
Cribriform Plate
CN 2 Optic goes through what foramina ?
Optic Canal
CN 3 Oculomotor goes through what foramina ?
Superior orbital fissure
CN 4 Trochlear goes through what foramina ?
Superior Orbital fissure
CN5 Trigeminal Goes through what foramina?
Opthalamic branch goes through- Superior orbital fissure Maxillary branch (2)- Foramen Rotundum Mandibular branch (3)- Foramen Ovale
CN6 Abducens goes through what foramina ?
Superior Orbital fissure
CN 7 Facial goes through what foramina ?
Internal Acoustic Meatus
CN 8 Vestibulocochlear goes through what foramina ?
Internal acoustic Meatus
CN9 Glossopharyngeal goes through what foramina ?
Jugular Foramen
CN 10 Vagus goes through what foramina ?
Jugular Foramen
CN 11 Acessory goes through what foramina ?
Jugular Foramen
CN 12 Hypoglossal goes through what foramina ?
Hypoglossal Canal
Osteometric point Mnemonic
Very Good Nuns Make Really Silly Metal Penises Like Many People, Good Men Go Missing
Mnemonic for Deep muscles of the face
The Clouds Look Like More Predictable Black Dark Days
Orbicularis oris
kissing muscle- purses or puckers the lips
Facial artery
Branch of ht external carotid. Laterally sit sin the groove posterior to submandibular gland
Risorius origin
originates from fascia attached to the parotid gland and inserts into modiolus. the modiolus is the collection of muscles at the corner o f the mouth.
masseter
Strongest muscle. it elevates and protracts the mandible in parallel with the medial pterygoid gland
Submandibular gland
Below the jaw
Insertion point of the temporalis and masseter
Coronoid process of the mandible
Bells palsy
Dysfunction of the facial nerve, results in twitching, weakness or complete loss of movement. Reversible
Orbicularis Oculi
The orbicularis oculi muscle surrounds the eye socket and extends into the eyelid. It has three distinct parts – palpebral, lacrimal and orbital.
Attachments – Originates from the medial orbital margin, the medial palpebral ligament, and the lacrimal bone. It then inserts into the skin around the margin of the orbit, and the superior and inferior tarsal plates.
Actions:
Palpebral part – gently closes the eyelids.
Lacrimal part – involved in the drainage of tears.
Orbital part – tightly closes the eyelids.
Innervation – Facial nerve (CN VII, temporal and zygomatic branches)
Corrugator Supercilii
The corrugator supercilii is a much smaller muscle, and is located posteriorly to the orbicularis oculi muscle.
Attachments – Originates from the superciliary arch, running in a superolateral direction. Inserts into the skin of the eyebrow.
Actions – Acts to draw the eyebrows together, creating vertical wrinkles on the bridge of the nose.
Innervation – Facial nerve
Nasalis
The nasalis is the largest of the nasal muscles. It is split into two parts; transverse and alar.
Attachments: Both portions of the muscle originate from the maxilla. The transverse part attaches to an aponeurosis across the dorsum of the nose. The alar portion of the muscle attaches to the alar cartilage of the nasal skeleton.
Actions: The two parts have opposing functions. The transverse part compresses the nares, and the alar part opens the nares.
Innervation: Facial nerve.
Procerus
The procerus is the most superior of the nasal muscles. It also lies superficially to the other muscles of facial expression.
Attachments: It originates from the nasal bone, inserting into the lower medial forehead.
Actions: Contraction of this muscle pulls the eyebrows downward to produce transverse wrinkles over the nose.
Innervation: Facial nerve.
Oribicularis Oris
The fibres of the orbicularis oris enclose the opening to the oral cavity.
Attachments: Arises from the maxilla and from the other muscles of the cheek. It inserts into the skin and mucous membranes of the lips.
Action: Purses the lips.
Innervation: Facial nerve.
Buccinator
This muscle is located between the mandible and maxilla, deep to the other muscles of the face.
Attachments: It originates from the maxilla and mandible. The fibres run in an inferomedial medial direction, blending with the orbicularis oris and the skin of the lips.
Actions: The buccinator pulls the cheek inwards against the teeth, preventing accumulation of food in that area.
Innervation: Facial nerve.
Masseter
The masseter muscle is the most powerful muscle of mastication. It is quadrangular in shape, and can be split into two parts; deep and superficial.
The entirety of the muscle lies superficially to the pterygoids and temporalis, covering them.
Attachments: The superficial part originates from maxillary process of the zygomatic bone. The deep part originates from the zygomatic arch of the temporal bone. Both parts attach to the ramus of the mandible.
Actions: Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth.
Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3).
Temporalis
Attachments: Originates from the temporal fossa. It condenses into a tendon, which inserts onto the coronoid process of the mandible.
Actions: Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth. Also retracts the mandible, pulling the jaw posteriorly.
Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3).
Medial Pterygoid
Attachments: The superficial head originates from the maxillary tuberosity and the pyramidal process of palatine bone. The deep head originates from the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone. Both parts attach to the ramus of the mandible, near the angle of mandible.
Actions: Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth.
Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3).
Lateral Pterygoid
Attachments: The superior head originates from the greater wing of the sphenoid. The inferior head originates from the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid. The two heads converge into a tendon, which attaches to the neck of the mandible.
Actions: Acting bilaterally, the lateral pterygoids protract the mandible, pushing the jaw forwards. Unilateral action produces the ‘side to side’ movement of the jaw.
Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3).
Deciduous
- Pulp chambers are wider and more vascularised
- smaller and enamel is whiter and opaque
- More bulbous and cervical junction more pronounced
- Roots are shorter and narrower and they feature resorption of the roots.
Permanent Teeth
- Larger and the cervical necks straight and more in line with the roots
- Pulpal chambers are smaller and crowns larger in proportion with the roots
